1.dating back to/from 始于，起源于，追溯到；此短語(yǔ)多用于一般現在時(shí)態(tài)中
This castle dates from the 14th century.這座城堡建于14世紀。
Our partnership dates back to 1960.我們從1960年就合伙了。
2.bury vt. 埋葬
Many men were buried underground when there was an accident at the mine.
礦上發(fā)生意外事故時(shí),許多礦工都被埋在地下。
專(zhuān)心致志于, 埋頭于(in)
He buried himself in his work.
他埋頭工作。
be buried in thought
沉思
3.with his face to the north 面向北方
with his face to the north屬于“with+名詞+介詞短語(yǔ)”結構在句中常作狀語(yǔ)，表示伴隨動(dòng)作或伴隨性質(zhì)。根據賓語(yǔ)和賓補之間的關(guān)系，還可以用現在分詞或過(guò)去分詞作賓補。
The weather was even colder with the wind blowing.
刮風(fēng)了，天氣更冷了。
He usually works in his study with the door locked.
他通常鎖著(zhù)門(mén)在書(shū)房工作。
4.test on試驗，檢驗
Many people are against new drugs being tested on animals.
很多人都反對用動(dòng)物做新藥試驗。
5.certain be sure和be certain后都可跟從句，但be sure的主語(yǔ)必須是人，而be certain的主語(yǔ)既可以是人又可以是物。
6.Some of the objects found in the grave give us an idea of how he was dressed when he was buried. 一些在墓穴中發(fā)現的物體讓我們得知他被埋葬時(shí)的穿著(zhù)。
該句為how引導的一個(gè)名詞性從句作介詞OF的賓語(yǔ)，介詞后面跟一般均可接疑問(wèn)詞引起的從句。
1)He was not conscious of what an important discovery he had made.
2)Did she say anything about how the work was to be done?
7.amaze vt.使驚奇；使吃驚
Her knowledge amazes me.
她的學(xué)識令我吃驚。
Visitors were amazed at the achievements in the car manufacture of the city during the past decade.
參觀(guān)者對這城市過(guò)去十年中汽車(chē)制造工業(yè)的成就感到驚奇。
I was amazed by the news of George's sudden death.
聽(tīng)到喬治突然去逝的消息,我感到驚愕。
n.驚愕
He stood in amaze at the sight.
他看到那種景象, 驚愕得呆呆地站在那里。
8.distinction n.特點(diǎn)；特色；非凡；卓越
the chief distinction of Chinese food
中國食品的主要特征
a writer of distinction
一位卓越的作家
academic distinctions
學(xué)術(shù)上的榮譽(yù)
There is no appreciable distinction between the twins.
在這對孿生子之間看不出有什么明顯的差別。
His distinction of sound is excellent.
他辨別聲音的能力很強。
His style lacks distinction.
他的文體缺乏個(gè)性。
9.dozen n.一打，12個(gè)
I want a dozen of pencils, please!
勞駕，我要一打鉛筆。（縮寫(xiě)為： doz)
dozens of
許多
There were dozens of people there.
那里有許多人。
10.Next to them lay a cushion stone, upon which the man could work metal
當表示地點(diǎn)的介詞詞組在句首時(shí)，主謂倒裝
1）.At the foot of the hill lies a beautiful lake.
2）.The soldiers ran to the building, on the top of which flew a flag.
3）.East of the lake lie two towns.
4）.Under the tree was lying a wounded soldier.
11.spare adj.備用的
a spare tire
備用輪胎
多余的，剩余的
spare cash
余款
If you have a spare bed, may I stay tonight?
如果你有空床的話(huà)，今晚我可以留下嗎？
Have you any spare time to help me?
你有空幫助我嗎？
You can sit here in your spare time and read the carpet!
空閑時(shí)你就坐在這里讀地毯吧!
v.節約, 節省, 不傷害, 寬恕, 分讓, 提供給某人
Can you spare ten minutes?
你能抽出十分鐘嗎?
I have no time to spare.
我沒(méi)有余暇。
spare no efforts [pains]
不遺余力
12.a variety of種種；各類(lèi)
The shopping-centre sells a variety of goods.
這個(gè)購物中心出售許多種商品。
At school we learn a variety of things.
在學(xué)校我們學(xué)習各種東西。
He didn't come for a variety of reasons.
他因種種原因沒(méi)來(lái)。
She made the children glad in a variety of ways.
她用各種方法使孩子們高興。
13.tend vt.（常與to連用）有某種傾向；有…的趨勢
People under stress tend to express their full range of potential.
處于壓力下的人容易發(fā)揮自己全部的潛力。
Laziness tends to poverty.
懶易致窮
Boys tend to be bigger than girls.
男孩的個(gè)子往往比女孩高大。
14.class n.階級
class differences
階級區分
Class differences can divide a nation.
階級差異會(huì )造成國家的分裂。
lower-class life
低層階級的生活
to travel third class
乘三等車(chē)（或艙）旅行
15.approximately adv.近似地, 大約
16.average n.平均數
The average of 4, 8, and 60 is 24.
4、8和60的平均數是24。
平均；平均水平
What is the average rainfall for August in your country?
你們國家八月份的平均降雨量是多少?
His results is the average.
他的成績(jì)平平。
on (an) average通常；按平均
Wwe fail one student per year on average.
我們平均每年有一個(gè)學(xué)生不及格。
17.convey vt.運送；運輸
The truck conveyed machinery across the country.
這輛卡車(chē)在全國各地運送機器。
Wires convey electricity.
金屬線(xiàn)導電。
通知；通報；傳［表， 轉］達
I will convey the information to him.
我將把這消息通知他。
I can't convey my feelings in words.
我的情感難以言表。
The ambassador personally conveyed the president's message to the premier.
大使親自向總理轉達了總統的問(wèn)候。
18.It is possible that the King of Stonehenge was linked to the stones: he may have had a hand in planning the monument; or in helping transport and pull up the stones.
很可能巨石王與這些石頭有關(guān)，他可能參與策劃建立這個(gè)紀念碑，或者幫助運輸和豎起巨石。
19.link vt., vi.（常與together, to, with連用）連接, 聯(lián)合
The two towns are linked by a railway.
這兩個(gè)城鎮由一條鐵路連接起來(lái)。
The new bridge will link the island to the mainland.
新的橋梁將把該島與大陸連接在一起。
20.have a hand in參與，插手，對某事物負部分責任
I can’t promise much. I’m not the only one that has a hand in things in this town.
我不能答應太多，鎮里的事不是我一個(gè)人說(shuō)了算。
21.may后加不定式(不帶to)的完成式，表示對過(guò)去的推測，認為某事可能已發(fā)生。
He may have gone to the library.他可能去圖書(shū)館了。
22.In terms of technical development, people were going from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age.
就技術(shù)發(fā)展而言，人們正從石器時(shí)代過(guò)度到青銅器時(shí)代。
23.In terms of用……的話(huà)，以……的觀(guān)點(diǎn)，就……而說(shuō)
He thought of everything in terms of money.
他每件事都從錢(qián)的角度考慮。
In terms of money we’re quite rich, but not in terms of happiness.
從錢(qián)的角度說(shuō)我們相當富有，但就幸福而言則不然。
24.Bronze Age青銅時(shí)代。在距今5000年前后，在舊大陸的有些地區，首先是西亞地區，發(fā)明了銅的冶煉技術(shù)，開(kāi)始制作銅器。最初為紅銅，接著(zhù)又在紅銅中加錫或鉛，成為青銅。這樣人類(lèi)進(jìn)入青銅時(shí)代。
25.conflict n.
戰爭；戰斗；沖突
conflict of interest
利益沖突
爭論；抵觸；論戰
conflict between religion and science
宗教與科學(xué)之間的沖突
vi.沖突；爭執；抵觸
The two stories conflicted, so I did not know what to believe.
兩個(gè)故事相沖突，我不知道相信哪一個(gè)。
26.artifact n.人工品, 贗品
27.It has been proven that the copper knives came from places as distant as Spain and western France.
現已證明銅刀來(lái)自西班牙和法國西部。
it為形式主語(yǔ)，真正主語(yǔ)為that從句，構成句型：“it+被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+that從句”
這種結構常用來(lái)表示一種不指明是誰(shuí)的議論或想法等：
it should be noted that their economy is still on downward slide.
值得注意的是，他們的經(jīng)濟仍在走下坡路。
It was thought highly likely that there would be an extraordinary session soon.
人們認為，最近很可能召開(kāi)一次非常會(huì )議。