語(yǔ)法專項(xiàng)之四： 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
一．非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)法功能：
主語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ) 表語(yǔ) 定語(yǔ) 狀語(yǔ) 補(bǔ)語(yǔ)
不定式 是 是 是 是 是 是
動(dòng)名詞 是 是 是 是 否 否
分詞 否 否 是 是 是 是
二．非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)：
不定式 動(dòng)名詞 現(xiàn)在分詞 意義 過(guò)去
分詞
一般式 to do doing doing 所表動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)同時(shí)發(fā)生或之后發(fā)生 僅有一種形式表示完成或被動(dòng)
一般被動(dòng)式 to be p.p being p.p being p.p
完成式 to have p.p. having p.p having p.p 所表動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)之前發(fā)生
完成被動(dòng)式 to have been p.p. having been p.p having been p.p
進(jìn)行式 to be doing 無(wú) 無(wú) 與謂語(yǔ)同時(shí)發(fā)生
完成進(jìn)行式 to have been doing 無(wú) 無(wú) 截止到謂語(yǔ)發(fā)生時(shí)一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作
練習(xí)一.說(shuō)出下列非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在句中擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)某煞?
1.To study hard is important.
2.They seemed to be talking about
something important.
3.He pretend to be waiting for someone.
4.She said she was happy to have met you.
5.He doesn’t want her to attend the meeting.
6.Is he a man to depend on?
7.The old man lived long enough to see
his son’s success.
8.Most of the students standing there are
from our class.
9.She felt very tired.
10.He saw the ground covered with snow.
11.Passing by the house,he saw a girl playing the piano.
12.Given another chance,he will succeed.
13.Not having found the wallet,he still had
some money with him.
14.A sleeping student is often one who doesn’t pay attention to what the
teacher says.
15.She bought a writing desk.
練習(xí)二：用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空
1.Mother doesn’t allow him _____(speak)
loud in the room.
2.Students pretended_________(read)
when the teacher came in.
3.He was said ___________(be)rich=It was said that he had been rich.
4.He needs a room to ________(live)
5.I will go to Beijing tomorrow.Do you have anything ____________(buy)
6.I intended _____________(go)abroad
but I was badly short of money then.
7.________(walk)along the road,he found a wallet.
8.___________( dare not)to speak,they sat there just listening.
9._____________(live)there for many years,she knew the place well.
10.____________(have not)met her before,I can’t tell what she is like.
11.The question ___________(=which is being discussed) is very important.
12._____________(=After we had been shown around the museum),we went back home.
13.Ours is a_____________country
and theirs is a _________one. (develop)
14.She heard someone _____(close)the door.(=She heard the door _________)
15.The meeting __________(over),they went home.
16.Other things ________(consider),I prefer the first plan.
17.He was criticized for _________(not come)to class on time.
18.She is proud of __________(be rich).
19.He ws given a medal for___________
(have done)excellent work.
20.She prided herself on ___________
(give)such a good chance.
解讀非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞：
1.句型:主+感官動(dòng)詞/使役動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)
v.原→做了謀事（變被動(dòng)加上to）
+ doing →正在進(jìn)行
p.p. →表示賓語(yǔ)被做
感官動(dòng)詞/使役動(dòng)詞：此類動(dòng)詞有：
一感：feel
二聽(tīng)：listen to/hear
三使：let/make/have
四讓：see/watch/observe/notice
半幫助：help
練習(xí)三：用動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空：
1.I heard her _____(sing)the whole
English song.
2.I saw two men men _____(wear)
dark glasses ______(get out)of the car,
_______(run )across the street and ____
into a bank.
3.Paul doesn’t have to be made___(learn)
He always works hard.
4.The missing boys were last seen____
(play)near the river.
5.I almost foget ______the TV set______
(cover)up.
6.He lay in his bed with the sunlight ____
(fall)onto his face.
7.He lay in bed with the bedroom door __
(shut).
2.It is +adj+of/for+n/pron to do
（for:當(dāng)adj修飾事時(shí) of:當(dāng)adj修飾人時(shí)）
e.g.1)It is difficult for some of you to give up surfing the Internet.
2)It is cruel of him to kill the cat.
3.be +to do :表示預(yù)先的安排或計(jì)劃、命令
勸告等。
練習(xí)四：分析下面句子所表含義：
1)The foreign friends are to arrive this evening.
2)The plan is to be made in a week.
3)You are not to walk on the grass.
4)You are to be criticized if you do like that.
5)All the exercise-books are to be handed in after class.
4.do nothing but/except +v原
注：若but/except之前沒(méi)有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do,其后接to do.
你理解了嗎？試試看吧！
練習(xí)五:1)Delar had nothing to do but___
(drop,to drop)herself onto the sofa and
cry.
2)He desired nothing but ___(go,to go)
home.
5.動(dòng)名詞與不定式的區(qū)別：
1）不定式可表示尚未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，動(dòng)名詞則暗示已有的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
2）不定式表示一次性的動(dòng)作，動(dòng)名詞則表示習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。
練習(xí)六1)My grandfather is a millionaire,
but_______(have)miney does not solve
all his problems.
2)She likes ______(eat)apples,but today she would not like_____(eat)one,
because there’s something something wrong with her stomach.
6.僅跟動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ)。
enjoy, practice, risk（冒險(xiǎn)）
excuse, imagine, can’t help（禁不住）
,consider（考慮）, mind, suggest,
delay（耽擱）, miss, give up,
put off（推遲）,burst out（突然）,
finish,deny（否認(rèn)）, keep,
dislike（不喜歡）, admit（承認(rèn)）,
be/get used to, 習(xí)慣
come to ,談到
add to, look forward to盼望,
devote to獻(xiàn)身于, stick to堅(jiān)持,
lead to,get down to 開(kāi)始
be sentenced to,宣判
object to,反對(duì)
be worth doing,feel like想要
7可以跟doing/todo做賓語(yǔ)，但意義有差別：
1)remember/forget/regret
+ to do sth. 未有體驗(yàn)
+ doing 已有體驗(yàn)
2)stop to do 停下來(lái)去做（目的狀語(yǔ)）
stop doing 停下所做的事
3)learn to do:學(xué)會(huì)做謀事
learn doing:學(xué)習(xí)做謀事
4)go on to do:繼續(xù)做另一件事
go on doing:繼續(xù)做同一件事
5)try to do :=try one’s best盡力做某事
try doing:嘗試做謀事
6)mean to do :想要/打算做謀事
mean doing:意思是，意味著
練習(xí)七：
1.I remember_____(keep)the maid ____
(wait)out of the office yesterday.
2.He regrets___________(not see)his
father last week.
3.She reached the top of the hill and stopped _________(rest)on a big rock by the side of the path.
4._____________(learn)________(skate)
skillfully,she went on _________(learn)
__________(swim).
5.Go on ________(do)the other exercise after you have finished this one.
6.-I usually go there by train.
---Why not try_________(go)by boat for a change.
7.Don’t forget _______(write)to me .Let’s
keep in touch.
8.I managed to stop father_____(smoke)
when he meant_______(to/todo),saying that smoking meant buying death with money.
8.分詞做狀語(yǔ)，若句子的主語(yǔ)與分詞所表動(dòng)作有主動(dòng)關(guān)系，則用現(xiàn)在分詞；若句子的主語(yǔ)與分詞所表動(dòng)作之間有被動(dòng)關(guān)系，則用過(guò)去分詞。
練習(xí)八:1)”Can’t you read?”Mary said ___
(angry)_______(point)to the notice.
2)_______(give)more attention,the trees could have grown better.
判斷正誤：
3）Being seriously ill,he was sent to hospital by his classmates.（）
4）Being seriously ill,his classmates sent
him to hospital.
5)Not having seen us for years,we could hardly recognize her.
6)Having been in Zao Zhuang for many times,he gets so familiar with the city that he can name all the streets in it.
9.獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)：分詞（短語(yǔ)）作狀語(yǔ)，當(dāng)分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)不是句子的主語(yǔ)，必須在分詞（短語(yǔ)）之前保留其邏輯主語(yǔ)（主格），
此種分詞意義上的主語(yǔ)與句子主語(yǔ)并無(wú)語(yǔ)法聯(lián)系.通常表示時(shí)間、理由、條件、伴隨狀態(tài)等。
練習(xí)九：分析下列獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)：
1)The shower being over,we continue our journey.
2)The work done,we felt relieved.
3)It being known she was the mother of the hero,everybody present offered her their respects.
4)All the tickets having been sold out,they went away feeling disappointed.
5)All things considered,her paper is better than yours.
6)Nobody having more to say,the meeting would be over.
7)They marched down the street,their flags waving.
8)He went to the front door,his students following him.
10.狀語(yǔ)從句的省略：
條件：1）主句和從句的主語(yǔ)相同或從句的主語(yǔ)為it;
2)從句中含有be動(dòng)詞。
可（必）生成分：從句的主語(yǔ)和be.
練習(xí)十：判斷正誤：
1)Though very tired ,he didn’t take a rest.
2)Though raining hard,I went shopping.
3)When travelling in Japan ,he met my aunt.
4)I don’t mind having to kill time while waiting for you here.
11.動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)：
1）動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)通常用adj性的 物主代詞或名詞所有格。
2）動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)既可以用
adj性的 物主代詞或名詞所有格，也可用賓格形式。
3）動(dòng)名詞意義上的主語(yǔ)為無(wú)生命的名詞或抽象名詞時(shí)，則用原型。
練習(xí)十一：寫出下列動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)。
1）_________(John) coming back
tomorrow excited all of us .
2)_____(he)coming back is a great help.
3)I am sure of __________(my brother)
passing the exam.
4)There is little chance of _____(he)being elected Mayor of the city.
5)I am very glad of the ______(examination)being over.
6)I am sure of _________(the news)
12.定語(yǔ)從句該為分詞短語(yǔ)坐定語(yǔ)的方法：
1）去掉作主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代名詞（who/which..）
2）變成：被修飾詞 + v-ing表進(jìn)行、主動(dòng)
+p.p. 表完成、被動(dòng)
練習(xí)十二：把下列句子改成分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)的形式：
1).I couldn’t understand the language which was spoken in that country.
2) Among these shoes are none which
belonged to us.
3)The students who have seen the film are coming out of the cinema.
4)The student who has been late for class for dozens of times is left standing at the gate for a whole mornig.
責(zé)任編輯：李芳芳