上海市共和中學(xué) 楊家貴
英語(yǔ)作文教學(xué)向來(lái)是英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中的難點(diǎn),學(xué)生寫(xiě)作的確也存在著(zhù)各種各樣的問(wèn)題,如果讓學(xué)生從基礎抓起,一條條地去克服,顯然對于學(xué)習任務(wù)繁重,而有不得不時(shí)時(shí)緊張備考各門(mén)功課的學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō),是耗不起如此巨大的精力與時(shí)間的. 但是,只要我們英語(yǔ)教師不斷地鉆研作文的輔導方法,積累更多的切實(shí)可行的英語(yǔ)作文寫(xiě)作模式教與學(xué)生,這也不失為快速﹑有效﹑全面地解決問(wèn)題,提高學(xué)生英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作水平的好方法. 本文分析了高中英語(yǔ)議論文的相關(guān)要點(diǎn)，提供兩種類(lèi)型的議論文寫(xiě)作模式,用于對學(xué)生的指導，使其能利用所提供的議論文模式輕松地完成寫(xiě)作任務(wù)．
一、英語(yǔ)議論文寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn)
議論文通過(guò)議論或說(shuō)理來(lái)表達作者見(jiàn)解和主張.作者對某一問(wèn)題持有一種看法,為了使讀
者同意自己的看法,提出若干理由,企圖說(shuō)服他人.高中英語(yǔ)議論文的寫(xiě)作要注意以下要點(diǎn):
1. 論點(diǎn)要鮮明、確切．一篇議論文只能有一個(gè)中心論點(diǎn)．論點(diǎn)一般在開(kāi)頭提出，然后加以論證．
2. 論據要充分、可靠．一般是以事實(shí)為論據，也可以利用成語(yǔ)，格言，名人名言作為論據．
3. 論證要嚴密、得法．歸納法（induction）和演繹法（deduction）是議論文常用的論證方法．歸納法的例子為基礎，從幾個(gè)例子和現象中，歸納出某種道理和看法．例如：報紙是一種媒體（medium ），人們可以從中得到現代信息；電視是一種媒體，人們也可以從中獲得信息；廣播也是媒體，人們同樣可以從中獲得現代信息．因此我們可以得出結論，其他媒體，如網(wǎng)絡(luò )等，一定會(huì )給人們信息．演繹法以一個(gè)或多個(gè)看法為基礎，從一般論斷，演繹到不同事例，再加以論述，最后再回到一般論斷上來(lái)．例如：所有的媒體都可以給人們提供信息，網(wǎng)絡(luò )是媒體，因此人們可以從網(wǎng)絡(luò )中獲得信息．在歸納中要注意使用的例子要充分，不能以點(diǎn)概面．如：（課本高二上P81）：
I borrowed a book from the library last week .It was very boring and difficult .I read only ten pages. Therefore, I think that all library books are useless.
評注: It does not have a logical argument .The writer dislike one library book, but not all library books are the same. The writer should not make a general statement (All library books are useless) based on his reactions to one single book.
二、 議論文的寫(xiě)作步驟:
1. 引言(introduction)．由于英語(yǔ)作文受時(shí)間，字數的限制．因此，在引言段中作者就必須簡(jiǎn)單解釋要討論的問(wèn)題，并明白地亮出自己的觀(guān)點(diǎn)，如提倡什么，支援什么，反對什么．
2. 主體段（main body）．主體段是議論的過(guò)程，作者必須有足夠的證據．（adequate proofs）來(lái)論證自己的觀(guān)點(diǎn)．一般可提出一個(gè)或兩個(gè)proofs, 并對此用一兩句話(huà)分別進(jìn)行闡述．
3. 結論（conclusion）． 結論段可以用一兩句話(huà)來(lái)結束文章．同時(shí)要注意與引言段呼應，但不能照搬前面的原話(huà)．
例：課本高二上P78 第一封信
Tutorial center is helpful.
I have studied at a tutorial center for two years. My command of English has improved considerably since I started this course.
At my center, the fees are reasonable. My tutors are qualified teachers. I have been helped a lot by them. They are sincere and kind.
One of my teachers was British. At first, I could not say anything to her. But later I learned how to communicate in English with a westerner.
I think that the tutorial center has given me a lot of confidence in using English.
評注: 第一段提出論點(diǎn), 體現家教中心是helpful(段劃線(xiàn)部分) ,主體段分別從幾個(gè)方面(劃線(xiàn)部分)來(lái)闡述家教中心的確有幫助,結論段重申家教中心的作用(劃線(xiàn)部分),且語(yǔ)句表達與第一段中的不重復.
三、議論文的寫(xiě)作模式
1. 議論文的類(lèi)型
英語(yǔ)議論文根據命題特點(diǎn)，從形式上來(lái)看可分為如下類(lèi)型:
① “一分為二”的觀(guān)點(diǎn)．如“轎車(chē)大量進(jìn)入家庭后，對家庭、環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟可能產(chǎn)生的影響”
② “兩者選一”的觀(guān)點(diǎn)．如，期中考試作文題，“乘火車(chē)還是乘飛機”
③“我認為……”型．如“你對課外閱讀的看法”
④“怎樣……（how to）”型．如“怎樣克服學(xué)習中碰到的困難”．
⑤ 圖表作文．通過(guò)閱讀圖表中的數字與項目得出一個(gè)結論或形成一種看法．
按照高二上學(xué)期的寫(xiě)作要求，學(xué)生主要應掌握①②兩種類(lèi)型的議論文的寫(xiě)作．在第①種類(lèi)型中命題涉及某一事物或現象的正反兩個(gè)方面：通過(guò)正反兩個(gè)方面的對比，得出結論是利大于弊，還是弊大于利．論證要圍繞所要得出的結論來(lái)展開(kāi)，若利大于弊，則有利的一面要多闡述一點(diǎn)．反之亦然．
在第②種類(lèi)型中，命題要求在A(yíng)或B兩者之間作一比較或選擇，兩個(gè)對象往往各有優(yōu)勢，所以結論部分有兩種情況：
a. 要么支持A，要么支持B;
b. A、B優(yōu)勢均難的割舍，只好依情況而定在結論部分說(shuō)清楚在什么條件選A, 在什么條件選B．
下面重點(diǎn)介紹第①、②種類(lèi)型議論文的寫(xiě)作模式.
2. “一分為二”觀(guān)點(diǎn)的議論文模式
Introduction
第1段:Nowadays more and more people．．．/．．．plays an important part in．．．. like everything else, ．．．has/have both favorable and unfavorable aspects/both advantages and disadvantages. Generally, the favorable aspects/advantages can be listed as follows.
Main body
第2段：Firstly,.. Secondly,…In addition/What’s more…
第3段: Every coin has two sides. The negative aspects/disadvantages are also apparent/obvious. To begin with…; To make matters worse…; Worse of all…
Conclusion
第4段: Through above analysis/All things considered, we can see that the positive aspects/advantages outweigh the negative ones/disadvantages. Therefore…
例文1. 看電視的利與弊 Advantages and disadvantages of watching TV
Nowadays more and more people like to watch TV. So TV plays a very important part in our life. But watching TV has both advantages and disadvantages. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.
Firstly, you can expand your knowledge by watching TV. As we all know, learning things by TV is much faster than by listening to the radio or just by reading books. For it has colorful pictures as well as wonderful music.
Secondly, you may know anybody you want to know such as famous singers, super stars, scientists and so on.
What’s more, you can go everywhere by traveling programs. Let’s suppose, if you like traveling very much, but you have to work on weekends or holidays, you must be very sad. And now open your TV and it’ll take you to anywhere.
Every coin has two sides. The disadvantages are also obvious. For example, watching too much TV can easily become short-sighted, especially for children and students. To make matters worse, some young students are keen on watching TV so that they give up their studies gradually.
Through above analysis, I think watching TV is a way of studying, it is good for us to watch TV. But when we watch TV, we should make a plan otherwise watching TV will destroy our life.
例文2. 談?wù)劤鰢魧W(xué)的利與弊 Where to attend a college
Nowadays more and more young people are going to study abroad. Like everything else, studying abroad has both favorable and unfavorable aspects. Generally, the favorable aspects can be listed as follows.
Firstly, they think by attending a college in a foreign country they can learn not only useful knowledge, but also the culture and customs of other nations. Secondly, they can take advantage of this opportunity to gain a good command of the foreign language they are learning very quickly. Moreover, they can meet different people and experience different cultures, which may help to broaden their views.
Every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. The costs are much higher than those in their native country. Most overseas students have to work for a living, which can’t allow them to pay all their attention to study. What’s more, they may feel very lonely.
Through above analysis, we can see that the positive aspects outweigh the negative ones. Therefore, I am in favor of going abroad to study.
寫(xiě)作練習：
①談?wù)勑７?（school uniforms）.
提示：近年來(lái)，越來(lái)越多的中小學(xué)要求穿校服．對此引發(fā)了學(xué)生中由對這個(gè)問(wèn)題的討論，請寫(xiě)一片英語(yǔ)短文闡述你的觀(guān)點(diǎn)．
Reference: some of the main arguments for and against school uniforms.
FOR AGAINST
1.Students look neat and tidy. 1.Uniforms are expensive.
2.The public knows which school you are from. 2.Children grow fast, need new uniforms.
3.Parents all pay the same money. 3.Some uniforms are very uncomfortable.
4.Students don’t worry about fashions. 4.Students all look the same, can’t be individuals.
5.Teachers can identify students on school trips. 5.Get bored with same clothes every day.
6.Good discipline for students.
②說(shuō)廣告（about advertisement）.
提示：有人說(shuō)廣告在現代社會(huì )是很重要，有人認為廣告的促銷(xiāo)成分太多，你認為……
3.“兩者選一”觀(guān)點(diǎn)的議論文模式
模式⑴:A、B兩者優(yōu)劣勢分析,要么選A,要么選B.
Introduction
第1段:Some people hold the opinion that (A) is superior to (B) in many ways. Others, however, argue that (B) is much better. Personally, I would prefer (A) because I think (A) has more advantages.
Main body
第2段：There are many reasons why I prefer (A). The main reason is that … Another reason is that…(贊同A的原因)
第3段: Of course, choosing (B) also has advantages to some extent, (列出1~2個(gè)B的優(yōu)勢)
Conclusion
第4段: But if all these factors are considered, (A) is much better than (B). from what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that …(總結觀(guān)點(diǎn))
例文: Which is better? Cars or bikes?
Some people hold the opinion that private cars are superior to bicycles in many ways. Others, however, argue that the bicycle is much better. Personally, I would prefer the use of cars because I think cars have more advantages.
There are many reasons why I prefer cars. The main reason is that cars bring convenience and mobility to the owners. What’s more, a car is far more comfortable to travel in, especially in the changeable weather. Another reason is that, when more people buy cars, the automobile industry will develop more quickly. The growth of the automobile industry can motivate the rise of other related industries such as iron and steel production.
Of course, bicycles can take you to anywhere you like in town and does not need a large parking place. Besides, it is not as expensive as a car and therefore every family can afford to buy.
But if all these factors are considered, cars are much better than bicycles. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that people can live better with the use of cars.
模式⑵: A、B優(yōu)勢相當,依情況而定,有條件地選擇A或B.
Introduction
第1段:Which would you prefer if you are faced with the choice between (A) and (B)? Before you make the decision, you had better make a close comparison.
Main body
第2段：It is true that(選擇A的優(yōu)勢之一). It is also true that(選擇A的優(yōu)勢之二). But (選擇A的劣勢).
第3段: Though.(選擇B的劣勢), (選擇B的優(yōu)勢之一). Furthermore, (選擇B的優(yōu)勢之二).
Conclusion
第4段: Therefore, if you…, you should choose (A), but if you…, you should choose (B). (總結觀(guān)點(diǎn),提出建議)
例文: Listening to the radio or reading the newspapers?
Which would you prefer if you are faced with the choice between listening to the radio and reading the newspapers? Before you make the decision, you had better make a close comparison.
It is true that listening to the radio is quick and convenient. It is also true that we can listen to the radio while are doing something else. So we can save a lot of time. But radio programs have their own time schedule. You cannot get the information you need every time you turn on your radio.
Though newspapers are not as quick as radio, reading from the newspaper can certainly bring us news more clearly and more exactly. Furthermore, while reading, we have time to think about what we are reading, to judge it, to analyze it, and then we will be more aware of its cause and effect.
We are living in an information age. We have to make full use of the information we can get if we are to achieve our goals.
Therefore, if we want to get the latest news, we can listen to the radio, but if we want to get the exact words, we’d better read the newspaper.
寫(xiě)作練習:
① 健康與財富(Health and Wealth)
提示: 健康與財富哪個(gè)更重要一直是一個(gè)熱門(mén)話(huà)題(hot topic),請簡(jiǎn)述你的觀(guān)點(diǎn).
② 哪里住更好(Where to live?)
提示: 有的人喜歡往城里擠,有的人喜歡往鄉下搬. 各有所好,孰是孰非,你以為如何?
參考文獻:
1. Oxford English for Senior High School Students (Shanghai edition), Oxford University Press, 1996.
2. 王長(cháng)喜十二句作文法, 王長(cháng)喜,北京:中國社會(huì )出版社,2003.7
3. 英語(yǔ)高分指導.寫(xiě)作.高中卷, 郭鳳高,第二版, 上海:上海交通大學(xué)出版社,2004
4. 高考英語(yǔ)作文直通車(chē),曹越宇, 上海:上海社會(huì )科學(xué)院出版社,2003
附錄(Appendix):
一、 寫(xiě)作常用邏輯銜接詞
根據銜接詞本身在文章中所起的作用,主要分為以下四類(lèi),即 “起” “承” “轉” “合”.
1. 表示“起”的常用詞語(yǔ). 用于開(kāi)篇引出擴展句.
at first
at present
currently
first(ly)
in the beginning
to begin with
first of all
in the first place
lately
to start with
now
2. 有關(guān)“承”的常用詞語(yǔ). 用來(lái)承接上文,表遞進(jìn).
After/after that/afterwards
After a few days
After a while
Also/too
At any rate
At the same time
Besides
Furthermore
In addition
In addition to
In fact
In other words
In particular
particularly
In the same way
Incidentally
Indeed
Meanwhile
Moreover
No doubt
Obviously
Of course
3. 有關(guān)“轉”的常用詞語(yǔ). 用來(lái)表示不同或相反的意思.
After all even though
All the time nevertheless
Anyway nonetheless
At the same time still
Conversely in fact
In/by contrast as a matter of fact
Despite especially
Fortunately however
In spite of luckily
Though/although no doubt
On the contrary otherwise
Unfortunately unlike
Whereas yet
4. 有關(guān)“合”的常用詞語(yǔ). 用于小結上文或結束本段落的內容.
Above all in sum
Accordingly in summary
As a consequence on the whole
As a result therefore
As has been noted thus
As I have said to speak frankly
At last to sum up
At length to summarize
Briefly surely
By doing so to conclude
Consequently no doubt
Eventually undoubtedly
Finally doubtless
Hence truly
In brief so
In conclusion obviously
In short certainly
All in all