目標導引

1. 單元詞匯及短語(yǔ)

interview, have in mind, create, play on words, fluent, intention, extremely, determine, force open, in the other direction, lay down, in(geat)surprise, in(total)silence look

.on/upon…as…,recognize, loudly, as well as

2. 單元句型

(1) What do you think is the most important thing in your job ?

(2) Still,I don’t think everybody will find my kind of humour funny .

(3) Funny plays ,often have characters that are stereotypes of nationalities that are stereotypes of nationalities or people doing certain jobs .

(4) Dating back to the Qin Dynasty (221BC～207BC),the traditional crosstalk shows ,or Xiang Sheng shows have made people all over China roar with laughter for centuries .

(5) Their talk includes rhythm and rhyming words ,as well as tongue twisters, which often make the audience applaud.

(6) I was so angry that I went up to tell them what I thought of him .

(7)I cycled in front of him ,got off my bicycle and laid it down on the road in front of his car so that he couldn’t drive off .

(8)The interview went well and I remember the last time we met I did most of the talking .

(9)I told the company about my work experience and answered their questions as I could .

(10) I was pleased that the manager had decided not to be angry with me for having been so rude.

3.單元語(yǔ)法

The-ing form: used as the attribute and object complement .

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核心知識

同義詞辨析

1.in all, at all, above all和after all

in all意為“總共”，at all多用于否定句，用來(lái)加強語(yǔ)氣，above all意為“最重要的”，after all意為“畢竟”，“到底”。如：

There were 50 students in the class in all.這個(gè)班總共有50個(gè)學(xué)生。

He did not mind about it at all. 他對此一點(diǎn)兒也不在乎。

Above all you should work hard. 首先你應該努力工作。

After all he is a child of six years old.畢竟他還只是一個(gè)六歲的孩子。

2．the other. other和another

other無(wú)范圍，泛指“其他的；另外的”，常與no, any, many或some等連用；the other特指兩方中的“另一方”，或兩部分中“另一部分”，如果other前有名詞所有格或物主代詞，則不用the; another泛指“其他的，另外的”，常用于三者或三者以上的情況，后接單數名詞或“數詞+復數名詞”。如：

Mary is here, but the other girls are still out in the playground.瑪麗在這里，但是其他女孩還在運動(dòng)場(chǎng)。

I have no other choice. 我沒(méi)有選擇的余地。

I have many other things to do.我還有其他很多事情要做。

Give me another chance, please.請再給我一次機會(huì )。

3．hear, listen to

hear一詞為“聽(tīng)見(jiàn)了（什么）”，強調其結果；而listen to則強調有意要“聽(tīng)”，“聽(tīng)”的傾向或動(dòng)作。如：

I want to listen to you, but I hear nothing. 我想聽(tīng)你說(shuō)什么，但我什么也沒(méi)聽(tīng)到。

I heard her sing in the next room just now. 我剛才聽(tīng)見(jiàn)她在隔壁屋里唱歌。

4．know, know of

(1)know意為“知道”，“懂得”，“了解”。如：

Do you know how to drive?你會(huì )開(kāi)車(chē)嗎？

She knows about computers.她對計算機很內行。

（2）know of意為“聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)”，“知道有（某人、某事）”。如：

Do you know of any way to get wine stains out of cloth?你知道有什么方法可以把衣服上的酒漬去掉嗎？

5. neither, either

(1)neither 意為“既不是……, 也不是……”, “兩者都不……”, 后面跟單數動(dòng)詞的肯定式。它可以單獨使用, 后面也可跟名詞或“of +the /these /those/所有格代詞或人稱(chēng)代詞”結構。如：

I tried both keys but neither (of them) worked.兩把鑰匙我都試了， 但（兩把）都不行。

Neither of them knew the way. /Neither boy knew…他們倆/兩個(gè)男孩都不認得路。

I’ve read neither of these (books).這兩本（書(shū)）我都沒(méi)看過(guò)。

(2)either 意為“兩者之一”，“兩者中任何一個(gè)”。它后面跟動(dòng)詞單數形式。同neither 一樣， 它可以單獨使用，或跟名詞/代詞及 “of +the/ these /those/所有代詞或人稱(chēng)代詞”結構連用。如：

(3)“either+否定動(dòng)詞”可代替 “neither +肯定動(dòng)詞”,但neither 是主語(yǔ)時(shí)除外。

I haven’t read either of these (books).這兩本（書(shū)）我都沒(méi)看過(guò)。

(4)雖然either 不能作否定句的主語(yǔ)，但它可作肯定句或疑問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。這種用法是強調二者之中任何一個(gè)皆可以。如：

You can have either soup or fruit juice.湯和果汁你任意喝哪一種都行。

You must either go at once or wait till tomorrow.你要么馬上走， 要么等到明天。

It’s urgent, so could you either phone or telex?這事非常緊急，所以你或是打電話(huà)或是發(fā)傳真，好嗎？

Either (of these) would do.這兩個(gè)中任一個(gè)都可以。

Would you like either of these?你喜歡二者中的任一個(gè)嗎？

6.in time, on time

in time 表示“及時(shí)”，指在約定的時(shí)間之前發(fā)生。on time 表示“準時(shí)、按時(shí)”，指正好在約定的時(shí)間發(fā)生。如：

We hope you will arrive in time to attend the meeting.我希望你能及時(shí)趕來(lái)參加這個(gè)會(huì )議。

They were just in time for the bus.他們正好趕上了汽車(chē)。

The train came on time.火車(chē)正點(diǎn)到站。

I’ll write to your father if you aren’t here on time tomorrow.倘若你明天不準時(shí)到的話(huà)，我就要寫(xiě)信告訴你父親。

7.go on to do, go on doing

go on to do 指“做了一件事后，接著(zhù)做另一件事”。 go on doing 指“繼續做原來(lái)做的事”。如：

After he had finished his maths, he went on to do his physics.做完數學(xué)后，他接著(zhù)去做物理。

Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.做完這個(gè)練習后， 接著(zhù)做其他的練習。

8.accept, receive

accept 表示主觀(guān)上“接受”，“接納”。receive 表示客觀(guān)上“收到”，“遭受”，“接受”，與主觀(guān)愿望沒(méi)關(guān)系。如：

I received a gift, but I didn’t accept it.我收到了一份禮物，但我沒(méi)有接受它。

The pop star received a warm welcome at the stadium.哪個(gè)流行歌星在體育館里受到熱烈歡迎。

9.farther, further

兩者都是 far 的比較級，可用作形容詞或副詞。farther 意為“更遠”，一般表示距離；further 也有“更遠”之意。凡用 farther 的地方，一般都能用 further 來(lái)代替。另外，further 還有“進(jìn)一步”，“更多”，“此外”的意思，用來(lái)表示程度，此時(shí)，不可用 farther 代替。如：

Shanghai is farther/further from Beijing than Tianjin.上海比天津離北京遠。

No further explanation is needed.不需要做更多的解釋。

The children were so tired that they could not walk any farther/further.孩子們累得實(shí)在走不動(dòng)了。

10.offer, provide 和 supply

三者都有“提供”之意，但含義不同。

（1）offer 既表示主動(dòng)慷慨地給別人提供某物，也可表示無(wú)主動(dòng)之情地提供。常用于 offer sb. sth. 或 offer sth. to sb. 的固定搭配中。如：

Two days later I received a letter offering me the job.兩天后我收到了一封信，給我提供了這份工作。

The guesthouse offers all kinds of food to foreign visitors.這個(gè)招待所供應外賓各種食品。

(2)provide 用于表示無(wú)主動(dòng)慷慨之意地為人或物提供需要或有用的東西，僅僅是出于某種責任。常用于 provide sb. with sth. 或 provide sth. for sb. 的固定搭配中。如：

The children are provided with good food and clothing.孩子們有良好的衣食供應。

It is the duty of the government to provide homes for the old.政府有義務(wù)為老年人提供住所。

(3)supply 通常指定期“供應”，強調替代或補充所需物品。常用于 supply sb. with sth. 或 supply sth. to/for sb. 結構。如：

Cows supply us with milk.母牛供給我們牛奶。

Our task is to supply vegetables all year round.我們的任務(wù)是一年四季提供蔬菜。

11. recognize,

作“認出”強調從外表上、聲音等方面認出。

作“承認”“認可”正式用詞主要指外交上或合法承認。

Admit指“準入，接納”“承認”有“被迫承認”，之意。表示“準入”時(shí)后常接in,into或to表“承認”時(shí)后直接跟從句，名詞，代詞，動(dòng)名詞等，但admit sb.to to sth（允許某人做某事）admit doing sth(承認做某事)不同。

realize作“意識到”，“實(shí)現”，指認識（某一事、道理）等。

試題：

①I(mǎi) could hardly ________her when I happened to meet him in the street yesterday.

昨天在街上碰到他差點(diǎn)沒(méi)認出來(lái)。

②Taiwan is _____as part of China.

臺灣公認為中國的一部分。

③I’m sure you’ll come to ____mistake some day.

我深信總有一天你會(huì )逐漸意識到你的錯誤。

④He had to _____he had broken the glass as I had someone as an eye-witness（目擊證人）。

因為我有目擊證人，他不得不承認是他打破了玻璃。

答案

①recognize ②recognized

③realize ④admit

12.ordinary, common, usual ,normal

●Ordinary與common基本同義，但ordinary側重于“平凡”，“普通”，指隨時(shí)可以碰到，不值得驚奇。有時(shí)可互換如：common/ordinary people等。

●Common “普通的”，“平常的”，“共有的”指時(shí)時(shí)發(fā)生，人所共有的、。固定搭配in common(with…)以…人共有。

●Usual用來(lái)指“通常”、“慣常”往往從集體風(fēng)俗或個(gè)人的習慣來(lái)看。固定短語(yǔ)as usual（跟往常一樣）。

●normal“正常、常規的”如：the normal baby temperature正常體溫，習慣短語(yǔ)。

Return to normal（恢復正常） bring… to normal （使…恢復正常）。

試題：

①Snow is ___the northern part of our country.

下雪在我國北部是常有的事。

②In____with other boys ,he likes playing.football.

跟其他的男孩一樣，他也喜歡踢足球。

③Her marks show she is a /an ____student.

她的成績(jì)表明她是一個(gè)普通的學(xué)生。

④He came later than ____today .

他比平常來(lái)得晚。

⑤All the things have returned to ____after 20 hours’ hard work..

經(jīng)過(guò)20小時(shí)的努力工作之后，一切都恢復了正常。

答案①common ②common ③ordinary ④usual ⑤normal

13.quiet,silent,still,calm

●quiet“安靜，無(wú)聲響的”，“文靜”，側重于輕手輕腳而且無(wú)騷擾。

●silent“清靜的”、“沉默的”，主要指不出聲但還是可以有動(dòng)作。

●still“清靜的”、“一動(dòng)不動(dòng)的”“寂靜的”，側重完全不動(dòng)無(wú)聲響，帶有感情色彩。

●calm“平靜的”、“鎮靜的”指態(tài)度“安祥”，指海“無(wú)浪”、天氣“無(wú)風(fēng)”

試題：

①He was ____for a moment ,then began to answer.

他沉默了一會(huì )，然后開(kāi)始回答。

②Please stand_____ for a while and I’ll take a picture of you.

請站著(zhù)不要動(dòng)，我要給你照張相。

③They lived a _____life in the countryside.

他們在鄉下過(guò)寧靜的生活。

④At the exciting news ,he couldn’t keep_____.

聽(tīng)到了那激動(dòng)人心的消息，他不能保持平靜。

⑤The city is ____after yesterday’s riots(騷亂)

經(jīng)歷了昨天騷亂這后，城市又恢復了平靜。

答案①silent ②still ③quiet ④calm ⑤calm

14. aloud, loud及,loudly

●aloud adv.強調“出聲”但不強調聲音的大小，往往與read及think等連用，沒(méi)有比較形式。

●loud adj. adv.強調“聲音大”常與speak, talk, laugh, say, shout等連用，而且置于這些詞之后，有比較級形式，修飾名詞、動(dòng)詞，

●loudly adv.不能修飾名詞，只能修飾動(dòng)詞，放在前后均可，有“喧鬧”的意思。有時(shí)可以與loud互換。

試題:

①______noise may cause damage to our bearing.

大的噪音可能引起我們聽(tīng)力的傷害。

②In order to be heard ,the teacher should speak _____ and more clearly.

為了讓大家聽(tīng)清，老師說(shuō)話(huà)應該更洪亮而清晰。

③The teacher asks students not to talk ___before class

老師講學(xué)生上課之前不要大喧鬧。.

④－What did you say ?你說(shuō)什么？

－Oh, nothing,I was just thinking____.

哦，沒(méi)說(shuō)什么，我只是自言自語(yǔ)。

答案①loud ②louder③loudly ④aloud

15.add to ;add…to… 及add up to

●add to 增加

●add…to …把…加到上去

●add up 加起來(lái)

●add up to 加起來(lái)等于

①The bridge _____the beauty of our city.

那座橋增加了我們城市的美麗。

②_____the figures and tell me the result.

把那橋增加起來(lái)，并告訴我答案。

③Five____six makes eleven

5加上6等于11。

④His whole schooling____no more than one year.

他的整個(gè)年正規教育加起來(lái)不到一年。

答案：①Adds to ②add up ③added to ④added up to

16.also, too, either,as well及as well as

這幾個(gè)詞或詞組都有“也”的意思，但用法不同。

1)also用于肯定句，通常位于be動(dòng)詞，助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后，行為動(dòng)詞之前。

eg

① I have been to BeiJing .He has also been there.

我去過(guò)北京，他也去過(guò)。

②He also wants to go there .

他也想去那兒。

2)too也用于肯定句，比also更通俗，和also ,as well有時(shí)可相互替換，既可放在句中，也可放在句未。固定說(shuō)法如Me,too .=The same to me.我也一樣。

You,too =The same to you 你也一樣。

eg.He studies hard + and his sister studies / hard.,too / ,So does his sister .

他學(xué)習很用功，他妹妹也是如此。

I too, want to go with you.我也想跟你一起走，

3)either用于肯定句只能用于句未。

eg.He didn’t know it +and I didn’t know/ it either/ and neither/nor did I

他不知道這事，我也是如此。

4)as well在口語(yǔ)中用得最廣，用法基本同too一樣。

eg.I like singing and dancing as well.

我喜歡唱歌也喜歡跳舞。

5)as well as是并列連詞，意思“不僅…而且…”另外還有一種意思“跟…一樣好”，到底是哪一種意思，要看上下文。

eg.

①The girl is lively as well as healthy.

這女孩既健康又活波。

②I speak English as well as French.

有兩種含義，我說(shuō)法語(yǔ)也說(shuō)英語(yǔ)，或者我說(shuō)英語(yǔ)跟法語(yǔ)一樣好。

【注】

“not only …but (aslo)…”與as well as 意思相同，但強調重點(diǎn)不一樣。

“as well as”強調前面的詞，而not only …but also…強調的各詞，如充當主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應與強調的各詞在人稱(chēng)和數上保持一致。

eg.

①she is clever as well as beautiful.=She is not only beautiful but also clever.

她不僅漂亮而且聰明。(強調“聰明”)

②You as well as the student are kind to me.

不但那些學(xué)生而且你對我也很好，（強調you”）

另外:as well as連接兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)，如第一個(gè)有to，第二個(gè)就省略。

eg. We expect her to do the housework as well as look after the children.

我們不僅指望她照看孩子而且指望做家務(wù)。

課文難點(diǎn)

（1）What do you think is the most important thing in your job?

你認為你的工作中最重要的是什么？

What do you think是一個(gè)由what引導的賓語(yǔ)從句，其實(shí)我們可以把do you think看作是一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)。

eg. Who do you think is the best student in our class?

你認為誰(shuí)是我們班里最好的學(xué)生？

Why do you think she burst into tears?

你他為什么會(huì )突然哭起來(lái)？

(2)still,I don’t think everybody will find my kind of humour funny.

然而，我認為不是每一個(gè)人都會(huì )發(fā)現我的幽默是有趣的。

【注】本句英語(yǔ)漢語(yǔ)在表達上的區別。英語(yǔ)中有些動(dòng)詞如think,velieve,suppose,guess,imagine,expect等，當他們后面跟一個(gè)具有否定意義的賓語(yǔ)而賓語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用肯定式，這種現象叫做否定轉移（transferred negation）

eg .①I(mǎi) don’t think his idea is correct.

我認為他的想法不正確。

(不說(shuō)I think his idea is not correct)

②I don’t believe it will rain tomorrow, will it?

我相信明天不會(huì )下雨，對不對？

注意以下幾點(diǎn):

1)否定前置時(shí)，主語(yǔ)必須是第一人稱(chēng)，I 或we.

2)對于否定前移的回答，肯定用yes,I think so或I believe so .等。

否定用no,I don’t believe so 或I believe not .兩種形式，但hope的否定只能說(shuō)I hope not

3)可以否定轉移的句子，反問(wèn)時(shí)應對從句反問(wèn)，如主語(yǔ)不是第一人稱(chēng)，應對主句進(jìn)行反問(wèn)試比較。

eg.①We don’t think you will go there ,will you?

我們認為你不會(huì )去那兒，是嗎？

②They think it is not going to rain, don’they?

他們認為天不會(huì )下雨，對吧？

(3)Funny plays ,often have characters that are stereotypes of nationalities or people doing certain jobs.

滑稽戲劇中常常有表演各個(gè)民族所特有的典型的人物或從事某種職業(yè)人物的角色。

1）that are stereotypes of nationalities or people doing certain.是由that引導的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾characters.關(guān)系詞that，在句中充當主語(yǔ)，不能省略。

2）Doing certain jobs是現在分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)修飾people,它相當于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，who do certain jobs.

現在分詞短語(yǔ)可作后置定語(yǔ)相當于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。

eg.The old man lying on the ground is a pianist

=The old man who lies on the ground is a pianist.

躺在地上那個(gè)老人是個(gè)鋼琴家。

(4)Dating back to the Qin Dynasty(221 BC-20BC), the traditional crosstalk shows or Xiang Sheng shows, have made people all over China roar with laughter for centuries.

從秦朝開(kāi)始，傳統的斗嘴或相聲一直便利全中國人哄堂大笑已有好幾個(gè)世紀。

1）句中dating back to the Qin Dynasty 是現在分詞短語(yǔ)，在句中作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。

2）have made people all over China roar with laughter 中的make 是“使、讓”的意思，make sb./sth. do…讓/使某人或某物去做某事。

eg.①She made her children wash their hands before eating.她要孩子們在吃東西前洗手。

②Rain mades plants grow.雨水使植物生長(cháng)。

【注】當句子變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，要在“do”前加“to”，上面兩例句可變?yōu)椋?/p>

① Her children were made to wash their hands before eating.

② Plants are made to grow by rain.

【注】使/讓某人去做某事，還可以說(shuō)have /let sb. do sth.（這個(gè)句型一般不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式。）

（5）I was still so angry that I went up to tell them what I thought of him.

我仍然滿(mǎn)腔怒火，便走上前去把我對他的看法告訴他。

句型so+adj./adv.+that-clause如此…以致…引導結果狀語(yǔ)從句。

Eg.①He worked so hard that he was praised.他工作如此努力以致他受到稱(chēng)贊。

②He was so tired that he couldn’t move.

=He was tired enough to move.

=He was too tired to move.

他如此疲倦以致不能動(dòng)。

（6）I cycled in front of him got off my bicycle, and laid it down on the road in front of his car so that he couldn’t drive off.

我在他前面騎自行車(chē)，從自行車(chē)上下來(lái)，然后把自行車(chē)放在路上，攔住他，以致他不能把車(chē)開(kāi)走。

句中so that 引導目的狀語(yǔ)從句。

eg. He got up earlier so that he could catch the first bus.

他早點(diǎn)起床，以便他能趕上第一班公共汽車(chē)。

【注】so that 多用來(lái)引導目的狀語(yǔ)從句，有時(shí)候也可以引導結果狀語(yǔ)從句，它們區別在于：

1）從句中有無(wú)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。從句中有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can, could, may, might, would, should等，表示從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作得發(fā)生在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之后，so that引導的是目的狀語(yǔ)從句。So that從句中無(wú)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，主從句之間的關(guān)系是因果關(guān)系，從句是結果狀語(yǔ)從句。如：

eg.He made good use of time, so that he finished the work in time.

他合理利用時(shí)間，結果按時(shí)完成了工作。

2）so that引導結果狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，主從句之間常要停頓一下，用逗號把它們分開(kāi)，而且狀語(yǔ)從句則無(wú)需如此。

（7）I remember the last time we met I did most of the talking.

我記得上次我們見(jiàn)面的時(shí)候，我講得話(huà)多。

The last time可引導時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，后面常省略that.

eg.The last time you came here, I happened to go out.

上次行車(chē)時(shí)，我正好出去了。

【注】有些表示時(shí)間的短語(yǔ)可以引導時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。如：

the first(second,last) time,each(every)time,by the time,next time 等。

eg.① Next time you come to Beijing, please bring your son here.

下次來(lái)北京把兒子帶來(lái)。

②Every time I saw you, you were busy at work.

每次看到你時(shí)，你都忙于工作。

（8）The interview went well and I told the company about my experiences and answered their questions as well as I could.

大幅度進(jìn)行得很順利。我把我的經(jīng)歷告訴了公司，并且盡可能好好地回答了他們的問(wèn)題。

As well as I could是一個(gè)由as…as 引導的比較狀語(yǔ)從句，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞answer省略了，以避免不必要的重復。“as+adj./adv.+as+主語(yǔ)+can/could”結構常可以用“as+adj./adv.+as possible”來(lái)代替，如本句的as well as I could可用as well as possible代替。又如：

① He was running as fast as he could(as fast as possible).

他在盡可能快地跑著(zhù)。

② You must speak English as often as you can (as often as possible).

他們盡可能常說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。

（9）I was pleased that the manager had decided not to be angry with me for having been so rude.我很高興，經(jīng)理決定不因為我曾經(jīng)粗暴無(wú)禮而生我的氣。

For having been so rude是狀語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明be angry 的原因，其中having been 是-ing形式的完成式，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前，（粗魯行為在經(jīng)理作決定之前）。

eg.①He doesn’t remember having ever promised that(=He doesn’t remember that he promised that).他不刻曾經(jīng)答應過(guò)那件事。

②Jim was punished for having killed the dog(=Jim was punished because he had killed the dog.)吉姆因為殺死了那只狗而受到了處罰。

③ I was sorry for having wasted so much time =I was sorry that I had wasted so much time.

我感到很遺憾，過(guò)去浪費了太多的時(shí)光。

（10）現在分詞作定語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補足語(yǔ)

●作定語(yǔ)

A．單個(gè)的現在分詞作定語(yǔ)一般放在被修飾的詞 的前邊，分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)放在被修飾語(yǔ)的后邊。

eg.①a sleeping child正確睡覺(jué)的孩子

②The man sitting by the fire is Tom’s father.火爐旁的那個(gè)人是湯姆的爸爸。

●現在分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或者經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)有主動(dòng)含義。

An encouraging speech鼓舞人心的演講

可以這樣說(shuō)：

A speech is encouraging.(表主動(dòng))

A boy sitting beside me 一個(gè)坐在我旁邊的孩子（表示動(dòng)作的狀態(tài)）

A student talking in class 一個(gè)上課講話(huà)的學(xué)生（表經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作）

A person watching TV 一個(gè)正在看電視的人（表動(dòng)作的正在進(jìn)行）

●分詞作定語(yǔ)相當于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，二者均可互換。

eg. I’d like a cup of boiling water.

=I’d like a cup of water which is boiling.

我想要一杯沸水。]

Have you ever seen a flying fish?

=Have you ever seen a fish that can fly?

你見(jiàn)過(guò)飛魚(yú)嗎？

3） 現在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補定語(yǔ)

●現在分詞可以作賓語(yǔ)補足語(yǔ)，其動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者是賓語(yǔ)，它和賓語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系是主謂關(guān)系。

eg. I saw a boy coming .我看見(jiàn)一個(gè)男孩在游泳。

●現在分詞作賓補與不定式作賓補的區別

在see; hear; feel; notice; observe; look at; listen to ; get等動(dòng)詞后，既可以用現在分詞作賓補，也可以由不定式作賓補，兩者含義不同，用在現代分詞，表示動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生（處于發(fā)生的過(guò)程中，還沒(méi)有結束）有不定式表動(dòng)作發(fā)生了（即動(dòng)作的全過(guò)程結束了）。

eg.①I(mǎi) saw a boy coming.(正在來(lái))

②I saw a boy come just now.(來(lái)過(guò)了)

③I hear someone knock at the door five minutes ago.(5分鐘前敲的)

4）現在分詞 作賓補與作狀語(yǔ)的區別

其主要區別在于：動(dòng)作由誰(shuí)發(fā)出，現在分詞作狀語(yǔ)，動(dòng)作由主語(yǔ)發(fā)出，作賓補，動(dòng)作由賓語(yǔ)發(fā)出。如：

eg.They stood there watching the game.他們站在那兒看比賽。（現在分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)。）

I watched them playng the chess.我看見(jiàn)他們正在下棋。（作賓補）

5）have使，讓?zhuān)粠�復合賓語(yǔ)三種情況：

have+賓語(yǔ)do sth.讓…去做

have+賓語(yǔ)doing sth.使…處于某種狀態(tài)，讓…動(dòng)作持續

have+賓語(yǔ)done 動(dòng)作由別人來(lái)做，遭遇…之禍

eg.①I(mǎi)’ll have you stay here for two weeks.我要讓你在這兒待兩天。

②Don’t have your child staying at home for a whole day.不要讓你的孩子在家待一整天。

③I’ll have my flowers watered.我要讓人來(lái)澆花。

語(yǔ)法基礎知識

一．動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)

動(dòng)名詞在句中一般只能以單個(gè)形式作定語(yǔ)，位于被修飾詞前，與被修飾詞在邏輯上沒(méi)有主謂關(guān)系，不表示被修飾的動(dòng)作而表示被修飾詞的用途。朗讀時(shí)，重讀動(dòng)名詞，它所修飾的名詞無(wú)需重讀。

a drinking cup (= a cup used for drinking) 飲水杯

a sleeping car (= a car used for sleeping) 臥鋪車(chē)

a living room (= a room used for living) 起居室

動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)與不定式的區別：

（1）動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)位于被修飾詞前；不定式作定語(yǔ)位于被修飾詞后。

There is a swimming pool near our school.我們學(xué)校附近有個(gè)游泳池。

I have something important to tell you.我有要事要告訴你。

(2)動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)表示所修飾詞的用途或使用目的，而不定式表示的動(dòng)作性較強，往往與被修飾詞有邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，且表示一個(gè)將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。

The swimming pool has just been repaired.游泳池剛修好。（動(dòng)名詞，表用途）

I have nothing to say.我無(wú)話(huà)可說(shuō)。（不定式與 nothing 邏輯上有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系）

二．分詞在句中作定語(yǔ)

1.分詞在句中作定語(yǔ)有兩種位置：?jiǎn)为毜姆衷~或含有分詞的合成詞常作前置定語(yǔ)；分詞短語(yǔ)常作后置定語(yǔ)。

（1）作前置定語(yǔ)

Barking dogs seldom bite.愛(ài)叫的狗很少咬人。

There is a good-looking man in front of the shop.在哪個(gè)商店前有位英俊的男子。

（2）作后置定語(yǔ)

Will the people sitting at the back please keep quite?請坐在后面的人保持安靜好嗎？

（3）如果分詞修飾由 some/any/no+thing/body/one 所形成的不定代詞或指示代詞 those 時(shí)，分詞則位于它們的后面。

Anyone smoking will be punished.正在吸煙的任何人都將受到懲罰。

Anyone agreeing should sign your name here.凡是同意的人要在此處簽名。

2.分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間的時(shí)間關(guān)系

由于分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，現在分詞主要表示主動(dòng)意味，表示進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作；過(guò)去分詞則表示被動(dòng)意味，表示完成的動(dòng)作。因此，現在分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，分詞的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生而且分詞的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，并與被修飾詞有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系：

The men working on the site were in some danger.這個(gè)工地干活的人處境有些危險。（表主動(dòng)，表進(jìn)行）

=(The men who were working on the site were in some danger.)

注：如果分詞需要表示動(dòng)作是主動(dòng)的，而又要先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)，要用定語(yǔ)從句表示，若在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生時(shí)，則要用不定式或定語(yǔ)從句表示。現在分詞的完成式一般不作定語(yǔ)。

The man who broke the law was arrested.犯了法的那個(gè)人被捕了（先犯法，后被捕）

此句不能用breaking the law 來(lái)代替 who broke the law.

3.現在分詞的被動(dòng)形式

（1）當一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞的現在分詞在句中作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，既要表示進(jìn)行意味，又要表達被動(dòng)意味時(shí)，要用現在分詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，即 being done 的形式。

The matter being discussed here must be kept between ourselves.這里正被討論之事必須保密。

=（The matter which is being discussed here must be kept between ourselves.）

Have you seen the bridge being built over the river?你看見(jiàn)在那座河上正修的橋了嗎？

=（Have you seen the bridge which is being built over the river?）

三．現在分詞在句中作賓語(yǔ)補足語(yǔ)

賓語(yǔ)補足語(yǔ)在句中補充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)在干什么或所處的狀態(tài)，與賓語(yǔ)間有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)

系。通常位于一些感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)后面，強調它的動(dòng)作性，因此常把分詞譯成動(dòng)詞。常用的感官動(dòng)詞有：hear, listen to, see, watch, notice, look at, feel, find, leave 等，使役動(dòng)詞有 make, have, let, get, keep。

I found him helping her with her English.我發(fā)現他在幫她學(xué)英語(yǔ)。

現在分詞helping 短語(yǔ)在句中作賓語(yǔ) him 的賓語(yǔ)補足語(yǔ)，表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)，helping 的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，且與賓語(yǔ)之間有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。

時(shí)尚口語(yǔ)交際

電話(huà)是現代生活中人與人進(jìn)行交流的重要媒介，但在日常生活中后很多人不知如何正確使用一些常用句式來(lái)解決開(kāi)口難的問(wèn)題。

（一）自報姓名

1.Hello, this is Jim Green,/Jim Green speaking.喂！我是Jim Green。

2.Good morning, Guangming Trading Company.早安，光明貿易公司。

3.Guangming Trading Company. Can I help you?光明貿易公司。有何事情？

（二）想與某人談話(huà)

1.May I speak to Mr. Green, please?請Mr. Green 聽(tīng)電話(huà)，好嗎？

2.I’d like to speak to Mr. Green, please.麻煩一下，我想跟Mr. Green 講話(huà)。

3.Please connect me with…;或 Please give me…請給我接……

(三)問(wèn)對方姓名

1。Who’s calling/speaking, please?請問(wèn),您是哪位?

2．May I have your name, please? 請問(wèn),您尊姓大名?

3．May I ask who’s calling, please? 請問(wèn), 您是哪位?

4．Who is that, please? 請問(wèn), 您是哪位?

(四)再一次確定對方姓名

1.May I have your name again, please?再次請教您尊姓大名?

2.Excuse me, may I have your name again?對不起, 再次請教您尊姓大名.

3.Your name again, please? 再請問(wèn)您尊姓大名.

(五)想知道對方姓名拼法

1.Could /Would you please spell your name, please?請拼出您的姓名好嗎

2.How do you spell your name, please?請問(wèn)您的姓名怎么拼?

(六)請對方稍等

1.Just a moment/one moment/a minute/a second.請稍等。

2.Hold on a minute, please. 請稍等一下。

3.Would you hold on the line, please?請別掛斷。

（七）詢(xún)問(wèn)對方有什么事

1.What can I do for you ?請問(wèn)有何指教？

2. May I ask what your business is?請問(wèn)您有什么事？

3. May I ask what you want to speak to him about?請問(wèn)您有什么事要跟他說(shuō)？

（八）打錯電話(huà)

1. I’m afraid you have the wrong number.恐怕您把電話(huà)打錯了。

2. What number are you calling?您打什么號碼？

3. There’s no one by that time.我們沒(méi)這個(gè)人。

（九）確認對方要找誰(shuí)

1.Whom are you calling?您要找哪位？

2.With whom do you wish to speak?您想找哪位？

3.We have several Zhangs.我們這有好幾位姓張的。

4.What is his given name?他的名字叫什么？

典型例題

【1】 He was very nervous(緊張的).I noticed his hand_______.

A.to shake B.shake

C.shaking D.shaken

【精析】

1） notice有名詞的詞性，意思是“通知；布告”，如：There is a notice on the wall.

2） Notice作為及物動(dòng)詞，意思是“注意，看到”，可接名詞、代詞或從句作賓語(yǔ)；它還可以帶復合賓語(yǔ)，即notice sb./sth. Do/doing sth…。其中不帶to的不定式do sth.強調整個(gè)過(guò)程；現在分詞doing sth.強調動(dòng)作的進(jìn)行，這與動(dòng)詞see,watch,hear等詞的用法相似。根據句意和句子結構應選擇C項來(lái)強調動(dòng)作的進(jìn)行性，即當時(shí)的情景。D項是過(guò)去分詞，與賓語(yǔ)無(wú)被動(dòng)關(guān)系，因為shake在這里用作不及物動(dòng)詞，意思是“發(fā)抖”。

答案 C

【2】 Why not try_______ the back door if they can’t hear you on the front door?

A. to knock at B. to knock on

C. knocking down D.knocking on

精析 try這個(gè)動(dòng)詞在使用中做及物動(dòng)詞有兩種形式：一種是try to do sth.“想要（盡力）做某事”；另一種是try doing sth.“試做某事（看結果如何）”。根據句子的意思，“在敲前門(mén)聽(tīng)不見(jiàn)的情況下，你為什么不試著(zhù)敲一下后門(mén)呢？”因此，正確答案為D。還應注意：“knock at”相當于 “knock on”; ‘knock down”的意思是 “撞到”。

答案 D

【3】 I need________ there by bike,but something is wrong with my bike.It needs_______.

A.going;to be repaired B.going;being repaired

C.to go;to repair D.to go;repairing

精析 動(dòng)詞need,require,want作“需要被”解，而且主語(yǔ)多是事物且其后跟動(dòng)詞做它的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，必須用動(dòng)名詞或不定式的被動(dòng)式。這時(shí)，動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)意義。如：The window needs(requires,want)cleaning(to be cleaned).

答案 D