羅玉南
名詞性從句是中學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)，現把在使用名詞性從句過(guò)程中應注意的幾個(gè)方面總結以下，供同學(xué)們學(xué)習參考。
一忌 that與what混淆
what引導的名詞性從句意為“……的東西（事情）”或“什么”，相當于all that。如：
【誤】That he needs to get rid of smoking is your help．
【正】What he needs to get rid of smoking is your help．
【正】All (that) he needs to get rid of smoking is your help.that引導定語(yǔ)從句。
二忌 多that
引導名詞性從句的連接代詞who, whose, which, what, 連接副詞how, why, where, when和連詞if，whether等前，不可再用that。如：
【誤】I wonder that when they got to know each other．
【正】I wonder when they got to know each other．
三忌 少that
引導名詞性從句的that在句中無(wú)具體意思，但在下列情況下，that不可省略：
1．賓語(yǔ)從句被分隔或提前時(shí)；
2．賓語(yǔ)從句不止一個(gè)時(shí)；
3．引導主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句或同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)。如：
【誤】We don’t doubt, in any case, he keeps his word．
【正】 We don’t doubt, in any case, that he keeps his word．
（插入語(yǔ)in any case將賓語(yǔ)從句與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞分隔開(kāi)，故不可省略that。）
【誤】Everyone could see what was happening and poor Mary was nearly frightened．
【正】Everyone could see what was happening and that poor Mary was nearly frightened． （what was happening和that poor Mary was nearly frightened為并列的賓語(yǔ)從句，故不可將that 省略。）
【誤】The earth goes around the sun was not widely accepted at that time．
【正】That the earth goes around the sun was not widely accepted at that time． （that 引導主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)不可省略。）
【誤】The problem is fuels like coal and oil cause a lot of pollution．
【正】The problem is that fuels like coal and oil cause a lot of pollution．（that 引導表語(yǔ)從句時(shí)不可省略。）
【誤】We heard the news our team had won．
【正】We heard the news that our team had won．
that引導同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)不可省略。
四忌 that, why和because三者混淆
有些名詞如reason，cause等作句子的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其后的表語(yǔ)從句常用that引導，不可誤用because；because引導表語(yǔ)從句時(shí)常用于That’s because…這一句型，說(shuō)明產(chǎn)生上述結果的原因；why引導名詞性從句說(shuō)明由上述原因而導致的必然結果。如：
【誤】The reason why he hasn’t come is because he has not received the invitation．
【正】The reason why he hasn’t come is that he has not received the invitation．
【誤】I was very late for school this morning． That’s why I stayed up too late last night．
【正】I was very late for school this morning． That’s because I stayed up too late last night．（前面為結果，后面為原因。）
【正】I stayed up too late last night． That’s why I was very late for school this morning．（前面為原因，后面為結果。）
五忌 if, whether 和that三者混淆
if多在口語(yǔ)中引導賓語(yǔ)從句；在正式語(yǔ)體中或當引導主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)則用whether；在doubt等后的賓語(yǔ)從句中熆隙ň涑８鷚hether或if引導的從句，否定句或疑問(wèn)句則常跟that引導的從句。如：
【誤】If they will hold a sports meeting is not decided．
【正】Whether they will hold a sports meeting is not decided．
【誤】I doubt that that was what he wanted．
【正】I doubt if that was what he wanted．
六忌 語(yǔ)序倒裝
名詞性從句一律用陳述語(yǔ)序。如：
【誤】When will the meeting start is unknown to all．
【正】When the meeting will start is unknown to all．
七忌 從句時(shí)態(tài)錯誤
主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)為過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，名詞性從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)一般要受其影響，要用相應的過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)（表示客觀(guān)真理時(shí)用一般現在時(shí)）。如：
【誤】The man asked his wife where they’ll spend the night．
【正】The man asked his wife where they would spend the night．
【誤】We don’t know when he returns in the future．（誤為時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)從句）
【正】We don’t know when he will return in the future。
八忌 從句語(yǔ)氣錯誤
名詞性從句經(jīng)常出現在用來(lái)表示一個(gè)并非基于事實(shí)的假設的虛擬語(yǔ)氣中。
一、.虛擬語(yǔ)氣中的主語(yǔ)從句。常見(jiàn)的句型有：
1．It is／was＋形容詞＋that＋主語(yǔ)（從句）＋（should）＋動(dòng)詞原形……
常用在該句型中的形容詞有： important，impossible，normal，natural，necessary， sorry，strange，等，如：
【誤】It was necessary that the plan was planned carefully．
【正】It was necessary that the plan（should） be planned carefully．
2.表示“請求、命令、建議、決心”等意義的名詞。如：advice，demand，decision，，order，proposal，requirement， request，suggestion 等，如：
【誤】It is my suggestion that we will get everything ready tonight．
【正】It is my suggestion that we（should） get everything ready tonight．
3．It is ／was ＋動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞＋ that＋主語(yǔ)（從句）＋（should）＋動(dòng)詞原形……
用在該句型中的動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞表示“請求、命令、建議”等意義。如：advised， begged，desired， demanded，insisted， ordered，proposed，requested， required，suggested 等，如：
【誤】It was suggested that each student must sing a song．
【正】It was suggested that each student（should）sing a song．
二、虛擬語(yǔ)氣中的表語(yǔ)從句與同位語(yǔ)從句。某些表示“建議、請求、命令”等意義的名詞后的表語(yǔ)從句或同位語(yǔ)從句需用“（should）＋動(dòng)詞原形”構成謂語(yǔ)。這類(lèi)名詞有：advice，desire，decision， idea，order，plan，proposal， request，suggestion等，如：
【誤】We agree to his idea that we will put on a short play at the party．
【正】We agree to his idea that we（should）put on a short play at the party．
【誤】His suggestion was that we would go there by train．
【正】His suggestion was that we（should）go there by train．
另外，as if／as though 引導的表語(yǔ)從句，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用：過(guò)去時(shí)表示與現在事實(shí)相反；過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反。如： You look as if／though you were ill．
三、虛擬語(yǔ)氣中的賓語(yǔ)從句。
1.某些表示“愿望、請求、建議、命令、決心”等意義的動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句需用“（should）＋動(dòng)詞原形”構成謂語(yǔ)。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有：advise，ask，demand，insist，order，propose，request，require，recommend，suggest， urge等，如：
【誤】The teacher suggested that we had a meeting．
【正】The teacher suggested that we（should）have a meeting．
2.動(dòng)詞 wish 后的賓語(yǔ)從句，若表示不能實(shí)現的愿望，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去時(shí)表示與現在事實(shí)相反的愿望；用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的愿望；用“would ／could ／might＋動(dòng)詞原形”表示與將來(lái)可能發(fā)生的事情相反的愿望。如：
【誤】How I wish I saw you yesterday!
【正】How I wish I had seen you yesterday!