Welcome to the unit & reading
精講典析
1. Science is developing so fast that it is beyond our imagination.（page 41）
科學(xué)的發(fā)展如此之快，超出我們的想像。
(1) beyond是介詞，常見(jiàn)用法為：
①（表示時(shí)間）遲于；過(guò)了……以后
Don’t stay there beyond midnight. 不要過(guò)了午夜還留在那兒。
② 超出（某種數量、限度）；超出……的范圍；非……可及
The switch on the wall was beyond the baby’s reach. 裝在墻上的開(kāi)關(guān)嬰兒是摸不到的。
We saw a building some distance beyond the woods.
我們看見(jiàn)在樹(shù)林之外不遠的地方有一個(gè)建筑物。
It’s beyond human power. 它超出了人的力量。
If the work is beyond Tom, it is certainly beyond me.
如果湯姆干不了這項工作，我也干不了。
③ 除……之外（常用于含疑問(wèn)或否定意義的結構中）
I didn’t notice anything beyond his rather strange accent.
除了他那頗為古怪的口音以外，我沒(méi)有注意到別的。
④ beyond作副詞時(shí)表示“再往前”或“再過(guò)去”。例如：
There is nothing beyond. 再過(guò)去就什么也沒(méi)有了。
The hill blocks our view. What’s beyond? 小山擋住了我們的視線(xiàn)。再往前是什么呢？
(2) imagination n. “想像力、空想、幻想物”，多用作不可數名詞。例如：
The story shows plenty of imagination. 這個(gè)故事表現出豐富的想像力。
Poets and artists have imagination. 詩(shī)人和藝術(shù)家都有想象力。
It does not take great imagination to guess what happened next. 隨后發(fā)生的事情不難想象。
2. A recent announcement by scientists that they have successfully cloned the first human embryo has caused much debate and has shocked many people around the world.（page 42, lines 1-3）科學(xué)家最近宣布，他們已克隆出第一個(gè)人類(lèi)胚胎，這在全球范圍內引起了沸沸揚揚的辯論，許多人為之感到震驚。
(1) 句中that引導同位語(yǔ)從句，對抽象名詞announcement做具體說(shuō)明。announcement 與引導詞that之間被by scientists隔開(kāi)。例如：
They made a public announcement that the wages of the workers would be increased.
他們發(fā)布了通告，那些工人的工資將會(huì )提高。
His sudden announcement that she was leaving took us quite by surprise.
他突然說(shuō)要離去, 這使我們非常驚奇。
(2) announcement n. “通告、公告”，可數名詞。例如：
There are several announcements in the newspaper today.
今天的這張報紙上有好幾個(gè)通告。
The company put up an announcement on the wall. 那家公司在墻壁上貼了一個(gè)通告。
The announcement about their marriage has appeared in the newspaper.
他們結婚的通告已經(jīng)刊登在報紙上了。
3. On the one hand, some scientists point out that if you clone an embryo, you can produce valuable tissues and organs that could be used to save human life.（page 42, lines 3-5）一方面，一些科學(xué)家指出，如果你能夠克隆出人類(lèi)胚胎，就可以制造出拯救人類(lèi)生命的寶貴的組織和器官了。
(1) on the one hand意為“一方面”，on the other hand意為“另一方面”。兩個(gè)短語(yǔ)都是表連接作用的副詞性短語(yǔ)。可以同時(shí)用在一個(gè)句子中。例如：
On (the) one hand, I want to go to the party, but on the other hand I ought to be studying at home. 一方面我想去參加宴會(huì )，而另一方面我應當在家學(xué)習。
On the one hand this job doesn't pay very much, but on the other hand I can’t get another one.
一方面這份工作報酬不高，可另一方面我又找不到其他工作。
(2) 辨析：point out, point to, point at
注意這一組短語(yǔ)的區別。
① point out“指出、使注意”的意思。例如：
This guide book points out the main facts of early American history.
這本導游手冊講述了美洲早期的重要史實(shí)
Can you point out the church in the picture? 你能指出圖片里的教堂嗎？
He pointed out that the road was not safe that day. 他指出，那條道路那天不安全。
② point to “顯示……的位置/方向”。例如：
The building points to the east. 這座樓面朝東。
The hands of the clock pointed to half past eight. It was time we put our children to bed.
鐘的指針指在八點(diǎn)半上, 我們該讓孩子們上床睡覺(jué)了。
③ point at (把.……) “對準、指向”。例如：
The guide pointed at a tower and told us that it was built hundreds of years ago.
導游指著(zhù)一座塔, 告訴我們說(shuō)這是數百年前修建的。
It’s rude to point your fingers at people. 用手指指人是很失禮的。
4. On the other hand, many people, including some scientists disagree and fear that if mankind interferes with nature in this way, they may be on their way to producing a real-life Frankenstein’s monster.（page 42, lines 5-7）
另一方面，很多人，包括一些科學(xué)家都反對并擔心如果人類(lèi)以這種方式干涉自然的話(huà)，他們將制造出現實(shí)生活中的弗蘭肯斯坦怪物。
(1) interfere with sb./sth. “干涉、干預；擺弄、妨礙”。例如：
I am not going to be interfered with. 我不想別人干預我的事情。
He was afraid this would interfere with his study. 他擔心這會(huì )妨礙他的學(xué)習。
I don’t want to interfere with you; proceed with your work.
我不想打擾你了, 你繼續工作吧。
Who interfered with my camera? 誰(shuí)擅自用過(guò)我的照相機?
(2) on one’s (the) way to/towards (doing) sth “即將做……”, 如果to后接一表地點(diǎn)的名詞，應理解為 “在去......的路上”。例如:
We’re on the way towards an election victory. 我們即將贏(yíng)得大選。
He’s well on the way to establishing himself among the top ten players in the world.
他即將進(jìn)入世界前十名頂尖選手的行列。
I came across him on the way to work. 我是在去上班的路上遇見(jiàn)他的。
I bought some bread on the way to the company. 我在去公司的路上買(mǎi)了些麵包。
5. However, in general the scientists were praised for their wonderful scientific breakthrough.（page 42, lines 12-13）但整體而言，科學(xué)家因為杰出的科學(xué)突破而受到贊揚。
辨析：in general, as a whole
這兩個(gè)短語(yǔ)意義比較接近，都有“總的說(shuō)來(lái)；大體上；通常”的意思，在句子中位置也比較靈活，仔細斟酌還是有著(zhù)微細的區別。
① in general強調“個(gè)體或局部”。例如：
Women in general like to shop for new clothes. 大多數婦女喜歡逛街買(mǎi)新衣服。
The class are, in general, very bright. 總的說(shuō)來(lái), 這個(gè)班級的學(xué)生都很聰明。
In general, Alexander was a peaceful, loving man.
總的來(lái)說(shuō)，亞歷山大是個(gè)平和的、有愛(ài)心的人。
I like games in general, and especially football. 各種運動(dòng)我一般都喜歡，尤其是足球。
② as a whole 強調 “整體或全局”。例如：
Therefore, …in order to understand the meaning of the text as a whole. (page 43)
因此，……以便完整地理解文章的意思。
We must consider these matters as a whole. 我們必須從整體上考慮這些事情。
There are some areas of poverty, but the country as a whole is fairly rich.
這個(gè)國家有些地區比較貧困, 但總的來(lái)說(shuō)是相當富裕的。
As a whole we tried our best. 總的來(lái)說(shuō)我們盡力了。
(2) praise的用法
① praise sb. for sth. “因……稱(chēng)贊、表?yè)P某人”。例如：
He was praised for his neat and careful work. 他因工作認真、利索而受到贊揚。
He praised his team for their performance. 他稱(chēng)贊他的團隊表現出色。
The teacher praised her for her courage. 老師贊揚了她的勇氣。
② 做名詞用“稱(chēng)贊、贊美、贊揚、表?yè)P”。例如：
He earned praise for their efforts 他們由于努力而贏(yíng)得贊譽(yù)
The audience was full of praise for the whole production. 觀(guān)眾對整部作品稱(chēng)贊不已。
③ in praise of短語(yǔ)常見(jiàn)在句中做狀語(yǔ)。例如：
He gave a speech in praise of the school. 他在講話(huà)中稱(chēng)贊了這所學(xué)校。
The teacher spoke in praise of the child for his honesty. 他很誠實(shí), 老師表?yè)P了他。
6. However, some people consider that cloning human embryos with the intention of destroying them shows no respect for human life.（page 42, lines 18-20）但也有人認為，懷著(zhù)摧毀它們的意圖來(lái)克隆人類(lèi)胚胎，是對人類(lèi)生命的不尊重。
(1) with the intention of “抱有……目的、打算”，是一短語(yǔ)介詞，在句中做狀語(yǔ)表目的。例如：
He returned with the intention of spending New Year with his family. = He returned to spend New Year with his family. 為了和家人共度新年他回來(lái)了。
I went to the supermarket with the intention of buying some food. = I went to the supermarket to buy some food. 我去了超市，打算買(mǎi)些食物。
He left England with the intention of travelling in Africa. = He left England to travel in Africa. 他離開(kāi)英國打算去非洲旅行。
(2) 辨析：intention, goal, aim, purpose
這些名詞都指人想要達到的 “目的”，但各有側重。
① intention 只指某人想要追隨的行動(dòng)方向。例如：
Do you have any intention of applying for the job? 你打算申請這個(gè)工作嗎？
It is not my intention to argue with you. 我不是想和你爭論。
If I've hurt your feelings, it was quite without intention.
如果我傷了你的感情那完全是無(wú)意的。
② purpose 強調決心或決定的想法。例如：
He returned to his homeland with the purpose of serving his own people.
他返回祖國, 意在為祖國人民服務(wù)。
His purpose was to discover how long these guests intended to stay.
他想要知道這些客人打算呆多長(cháng)時(shí)間。
③ goal 可指理想的或甚至遙遠的目標。例如：
Our goal is to earn enough money to keep the business going.
我們的目標是賺足夠的錢(qián)使公司支撐下去。
We are all working towards a common goal. 我們都在為一個(gè)共同目的而努力。
④ aim 強調為追尋某種目的而努力奮斗的方向。例如：
His only aim in life is to enjoy himself. 他人生唯一的目的就是享受生活。
It is important to have a clear aim in view. 心中有明確的目標是十分重要的。
(3) show respect for“對……表示尊敬”，respect是名詞可帶修飾語(yǔ)。例如：
You make me wait and don't show me any respect.
你一點(diǎn)兒也不尊重我，讓我等了這么久。
You shall show greater respect for your elders. 你應該對長(cháng)輩尊重些。
The boss showed little respect for the employees. 那個(gè)老板對雇員一點(diǎn)也不尊重。
He is a selfish fellow, who has no respect for anyone.
他是個(gè)自私的家伙，對人一點(diǎn)也不尊重。
7. While cloning human embryos is illegal in many countries, some scientists are already pushing ahead with research so as to deliver a cloned human baby.（page 42, lines 27-28）盡管克隆人類(lèi)胚胎在很多國家屬于非法，有些科學(xué)家已加緊研究，以便降生一個(gè)克隆的人類(lèi)嬰兒。
(1) push ahead with短語(yǔ)在句中做“推進(jìn)、推行”理解。例如：
Whatever happens, we must push ahead with our plans to increase production.
無(wú)論發(fā)生什么情況, 我們都必須推行我們的增產(chǎn)計劃。
He promised to push ahead with economic reform. 他允諾繼續推行經(jīng)濟改革。
We are pushing forward with our plan. 我們正堅決實(shí)施計劃。
(2) 辨析：push ahead，go ahead
兩個(gè)短語(yǔ)都有“前進(jìn)”的意義，ahead是副詞，都是不及物詞組，但其區別也是明顯的。
① push ahead強調“向前推進(jìn)、急速前進(jìn)”
If we push ahead, we can get home before dark. 如果我們抓緊, 天黑前我們還能趕到家。
I want to push ahead on this project. 有關(guān)這個(gè)方案我想繼續取得進(jìn)展。
② go ahead “前進(jìn)、繼續向前”, 在口語(yǔ)中有多種意義。例如：
The project will go ahead. 這個(gè)項目會(huì )做下去的。
We feel you should go ahead. 我們覺(jué)得您應該干。
Go ahead and do what you like. 去吧，喜歡干什么就干什么。
-Can I use the bathroom? 我可以用一下衛生間么？
-Go ahead! 當然，請便！
Go ahead, we’re all listening to you carefully. 開(kāi)始吧，我們都在認真聽(tīng)你說(shuō)。
8. Human life would no longer be unique; it would just be a product for sale. （page 43, lines 39-40）到那時(shí)人類(lèi)生命將不再是獨一無(wú)二的了，將只是一個(gè)可供出售的產(chǎn)品。
(1) 辨析：unique, only
兩個(gè)詞做形容詞用都有“唯一的”的意思，但意義上區別較大。
① unique強調的是“區別和與眾不同”。例如：
The beauty of Dunhuang is unique in the world. 敦煌的美在世界上是獨一無(wú)二的。
She’s proud of her ring because of its unique design.
她為她的戒指而自豪，因為戒指的設計是獨一無(wú)二的。
② only強調的是“數量”。例如：
It's the only place to be seen these days. 這是這些天惟一值得看的地方。
He was an only child. 他是獨生子。
The only French city she enjoyed was Paris. 巴黎是她惟一喜歡的法國城市。
Practice is the only way to learn a language well. 學(xué)好一門(mén)語(yǔ)言的惟一途徑就是實(shí)踐。
(2) 辨析：for sale, on sale
① for sale 是介詞短語(yǔ)，在句中作后置定語(yǔ)，修飾a product。for sale 相當于intended to be sold “待售”。還可以做狀語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。例如：
These are cars for sale at reasonable prices. 這些是價(jià)位合理的待售小轎車(chē)。(定語(yǔ))
She has put her house up for sale. 她現在的房子在出售。(狀語(yǔ))
I’m sorry this painting is not for sale. 很抱歉，這幅畫(huà)是非賣(mài)品。(表語(yǔ))
② on sale 表示“出售”、“上市”的意思。on sale還可表示“廉價(jià)出售”。在句中也可以做定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。例如：
The new model is not on sale in the shops. 這種新款式在商店尚未上市。(表語(yǔ))
I got this hat on sale; it was very cheap. 我在大減價(jià)時(shí)買(mǎi)到這頂帽子, 價(jià)格很便宜。(狀語(yǔ))
There are some nice apples on sale in that shop. 那家商店有些很好的蘋(píng)果出售。(定語(yǔ))
9. The human race is using up Earth’s resources. （page 43, line 41）人類(lèi)正耗盡地球上的資源。
(1) use up “用光、耗盡”，use僅指動(dòng)作過(guò)程，而use up則強調結果；英語(yǔ)中不少動(dòng)詞都是如此。例如：
He knows how to use the savings and before long he will use up all the money.
他知道怎樣使用這筆存款，用不了多久這筆錢(qián)會(huì )全部用完。
She didn’t want to end the relationship. But she finally had to end it up.
她不想結束這種關(guān)系但最后她只好結束這種關(guān)系。
He was eating a hot dog when I came in. A few minutes later he ate up all the food on the table. 我進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí)他正在吃熱狗，不一會(huì )兒他吃完了餐桌上所有的食物。
She had to dig the garden. As a result, an old coin was dug up in the garden.
她得把花園挖一挖, 結果在花園里挖出了一枚古硬幣。
(2) 辨析：use up, run out, run out of
表示“用完”時(shí)，這些詞組意義相同，但用法不同。
① use up是及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，其主語(yǔ)是人。例如：
I’ ve used up all the glue. = All the glue has been used by me. 我把膠水都用光啦。
② run out是不及物動(dòng)詞詞組，表示“被用完了（become used up)”，含被動(dòng)意義，其主
語(yǔ)通常是時(shí)間、金錢(qián)、食物等無(wú)生命名詞。例如：
His money soon ran out. 他的錢(qián)很快就花完了。
Food supplies had run out towards the end of the trip. 在旅行快結束時(shí)，食物已經(jīng)吃完了。
③ run out of 含有介詞of，作及物動(dòng)詞用，“用完(=use up)”的意思。例如：
He ran out of gas a mile from home. 他在離家還有一英里的地方把汽油用完了。
What if I've run out of money？我把錢(qián)花光了怎么辦？
10. I am in complete agreement with human cloning.（page 43, lines 49-50）我完全同意克隆人類(lèi)。
(1) in agreement with 是一短語(yǔ)介詞，句中be in complete agreement with/about 是系表結構= quite agree with /about，意思是“完全同意；意見(jiàn)一致”，其介詞短語(yǔ)還可以在句中做其他成分。例如：
We are in agreement with their decision. 我們同意他們的決定。
I am quite in agreement with what you say. 我十分同意你說(shuō)的話(huà)。
I find myself in almost total agreement with Tony. (賓補)
我發(fā)現自己的意見(jiàn)幾乎完全與托尼一致。
He nodded in agreement with me. 他點(diǎn)頭表示同意我的意見(jiàn)。(狀語(yǔ))
11. Seven years ago, my 10-year-old daughter died of heart failure.（page 43, lines 52-53）七年前，我10歲的女兒死于心臟病。
辨析：die of, die from
① die of“死于”，常常表示由于疾病、情感、饑餓等原因死亡。例如：
The baby died of a fever. 那嬰兒因發(fā)高燒而死。
In a cold winter, many wild animals may die of hunger.
在嚴寒的冬天，很多野生動(dòng)物會(huì )死于饑餓。
The old woman died of grief soon after her husband’s death.
那位老太太在丈夫去世后不久因悲傷而死。
② die from意思是“由于……而死”，一般指除了疾病或情感以外的原因造成的死亡。
He died from a chest wound. 他因胸部受傷而死亡。
In a cold winter, wild animals may die from lack of food.
在嚴寒的冬天，野生動(dòng)物會(huì )由于缺乏食物而死亡。
He’s so busy, I am worried he’s going to die from work too much.
他那么忙，我怕他會(huì )因工作過(guò)勞而死。
12. Question things you do not understand or that do not appear to make sense. (page 43) 對于你不了解的地方，或者似乎講不通的地方，要提出問(wèn)題。
辨析：appear, seem
兩個(gè)詞做系動(dòng)詞用都有“似乎、好像”的意思，含義似乎沒(méi)有多大差異，在句型結構上也基本一樣，有時(shí)候也能互換，微細的區別仍然值得注意。
① appear暗含“的確如此”含義，如果要表示某種判斷而得出的印象最好用appear。appear還可以是行為動(dòng)詞“出現，顯現”的意思。例如：
It appeared that he had a taste for music. = He appeared to have a taste for music.
看來(lái)他對音樂(lè )還有一定的鑒賞力。
They appear / seem to have misunderstood me. = It appears /seems that they have misunderstood me. 他們似乎誤解了我。
The actress is thirty-five years old, but she appears a lot younger. = The actress is thirty-five years old, but it appears that she is a lot younger.
那個(gè)女演員三十五歲了，但是她看上去年輕得多。
② seem所表示的“似乎”或“看來(lái)”是以客觀(guān)的跡象為依據。還可以有It seems as if…句型，而appear則不能用于此句型。例如：
She seems a clever girl. = It seems that she is a clever girl. 她好像是個(gè)聰明的姑娘。
The baby seems (to be) asleep. = It seems that the baby is asleep. 那嬰孩好像是睡著(zhù)了。
He seemed disappointed when the man refused his request. = It seemed that he was disappointed when the man refused his request. 當那個(gè)人拒絕了他的要求時(shí)他看起來(lái)很失望。
It seems that you are lying. = You seem to be lying. 看來(lái)你在撒謊。
It seems as if you are the first one here. 看起來(lái)你是第一個(gè)來(lái)這兒的。
It seems as if she has been to England. 好像要下一場(chǎng)雷陣雨。
13. Why do some people think they have the right to go against nature?（page 45）為什么有些人認為他們有權與自然對抗呢？
辨析：go against, be against
他們基本同義，都有“反對、違背、不利于”的意思，仍有區別。
① go against sb. /sth 指“動(dòng)作”。例如：
Don’t go against your parents /your parents’ wishes. 不要違背父母親的愿望。
He went against the advice of his colleagues and resigned. 他不顧同事們的勸告辭了職。
② be against指“狀態(tài)”。例如：
Are most people against the proposal? 是多數人都反對這項提議嗎？
It was against his will to do such things. 做這類(lèi)事是違背他的本意。
14. I believe that strict laws should be put in place and governments should do more to stop human cloning.（page 45）我認為應該嚴格立法，政府也該采取更多的措施阻止人類(lèi)克隆。
in place 在句中作狀語(yǔ)，意思是“在對的位置”、“在適當的位置”，其反義短語(yǔ)out of place“不合適; 不恰當”。在句中做表語(yǔ)有“合適的；恰當的”的意思。例如：
She likes everything to be in place before she starts work.
工作前，她喜歡把東西擺放得井然有序。
Some of these books are out of place. Please put them in right order.
有些書(shū)位置不對, 請把它們按順序放好。
With everything in place, she started the slide show. 一切就緒，她開(kāi)始放幻燈片
The proposal is not quite in place. 那提議并不十分恰當。
課堂作業(yè)
Ⅰ. 根據漢語(yǔ)意思或首字母完成句子。
1. It has helped Chinese scientists make breakthroughs.
2. Other women are desperate to get back to work.
3. The aim is to reduce anxiety and help the patients relax.
4. Nothing could stop the advance of the soldiers.
5. He received four years of normal education at college.
6. The building was totally(完全地) destroyed by the fire
7. We shall do this for the benefit(利益) of the patients.
8. You’ll succeed (成功) only if you put all your heart into it.
9. Another agreement (協(xié)議) to be signed tomorrow will concern technical co-operation.
10. She finds it difficult to grasp the basic concept(概念).
II. 選用表格內短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞詞語(yǔ)的適當形式完成下列句子。
go against, interfere with, concentrate on, push ahead with, succeed in, point out,
show respect for, end up, use up, praise…for, come across, be delighted to
1. Anxiety can interfere with children’s performance when they take an exam.
2. The election went against him at first, but he won at last.
3. You should concentrate on the road when you’re driving.
4. At last the climbers succeeded in climbing up the top of the mountains.
5. Don’t use up all the soap. Leave me some to wash with.
6. Everyone shows respect for her contribution to peace in the country.
7. They were praised by police for reporting the theft.
8. If you go against nature and do things, you will have to do more work and the results will not be so good.
9. I felt I could not move another step, but after lunch I pushed ahead with the rest.
10．Mistakes in the printing should be pointed out at once.
Ⅲ. 選用表格內所給短語(yǔ)完成下列句子。
in general, with the intention to, for sale, in agreement with,
on the one hand, one one’s way to, in place, on the other hand
1. I’m well on the way to completing the report.
2. On the one hand they’d love to have kids, but on the other, they don’t want to give up their freedom.
3. In general, this type of cars is very functional and failures are rare.
4. I am in agreement with you that she should be given more responsibilities.
5. Before the examination, please put everything for it in place.
6. On the other hand, many women choose to go out to work.
7. Last week my wife and I arranged to see a house that was for sale.
8. I worked late into the night with the intention to earning enough money.
Ⅳ. 單項選擇。
1. -Your tie goes very well with your shirt.
- A .
A. Oh, I got it on sale B. I bought it at half price
C. Does it really look OK? D. No, not so nice
2. What shall we use for power when all the oil in the world has B ?
A. run out B. put out C. held up D. used up
3. In this state, all the adults who D laws were to be severely punished.
A. went for B. stood for C. stood against D. went against
4. Father likes everything to be D .
A. in place B. in the place C. in its place D. in a place
5. The earth’s resources C very quickly.
A. are used up B. will be used up C. are being used up D. have used up
6. Jim was very happy yesterday because he B the book that he wanted.
A. came to B. came across C. came about D. came out
7. The couple are unable to have children of their own, but hope to C one.
A. adapt B. receive C. adopt D. keep
8. Many children think they are A with when their parents are trying to show concern about them.
A. interfered B. separated C. disturbed D. informed
9. The baby reached out his hands, crying in B want of his mother.
A. curious B. desperate C. sincere D. serious
10. They’re travelling across Europe by train and are planning to end up in Moscow.
A. ended up B. ending up C. end up D. to end up
Word power & Grammar and usage
精講典析
1. This is the organ that controls the rest of the organs, just like the headmaster controls the school.（page 47）正是這個(gè)器官控制其他器官，正如校長(cháng)控制學(xué)校一樣。
辨析：the rest, the other
兩者都有“其他的、其余的”的意義，但他們的區別較大。
① rest是名詞，即可指人也可指物，多指某一整體范圍之內的其他；the rest (of +名詞) 做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以用單數形式，也可以用復數形式，應視the rest所代替的那個(gè)名詞而定。例如：
I have got two bright students in the class, but the rest (of the students) are average.
這個(gè)班我有兩個(gè)聰明的學(xué)生，其余的平常。
I’ll keep one third of the money and the rest (of the money) is for you.
我留下三分之一的錢(qián)，其余的給你。
The beginning of the lecture was boring, but the rest was interesting.
開(kāi)始部分演講十分枯燥，但是其余部分很有趣。
The rest of the bicycles are on sale today. 其余的自行車(chē)今日上市銷(xiāo)售。
② other是代詞，單數是兩者中的“另一”，復數才指“其余的(人或物)”；多指若干個(gè)個(gè)體中的其余部分。做形容詞用時(shí)亦是如此。例如：
She gave me one book last week and promised to bring the other on Wednesday.
她上周給了我一本書(shū)，并承諾星期三帶來(lái)另一本。
I went swimming while the others played basketball. 我去游泳, 其余的人都去打籃球了。
There must be some other reason for him refusing to help. 他不肯幫忙, 一定另有原因。
Are there any other problems? 還有其他的問(wèn)題嗎?
Other people found it difficult to get along with her. 其他的人覺(jué)得她很難相處。
2. He is always working in his lab, trying to figure out all the mysteries that make him puzzled.（page 49）他總是在實(shí)驗室工作，盡力去弄明白所有使他困惑的奧秘。
figure out在句中意為“弄明白”; figure out還可表示“計算出”或“解決”。例如：
I just can’t figure him out. 我簡(jiǎn)直摸不透他。
No one can figure out how the fire started. 沒(méi)有人弄得清這場(chǎng)火災是怎么引發(fā)的。
Could you help me figure out this problem? 你能幫我解決這問(wèn)題嗎?
I have figured out how much during the week I spent. 我算出了這個(gè)星期花了多少錢(qián)。
3. He must have been working too hard to notice!（page 49）他可能太專(zhuān)注于工作了，根本沒(méi)有注意到。
must have been working是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must 接動(dòng)詞的現在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，表示對過(guò)去事情的推測，意思是“肯定一直在……”，“想必一直在……”。例如：
John must have been playing football and Mary must have been doing her homework.約翰肯定一直在踢足球，而瑪麗想必一直在做作業(yè)。
You must have been overdoing things a bit. 想必你一直以來(lái)都過(guò)于勞累。
3. I think we should be cautious and use good judgment when making decisions about cloning.（page 49）我認為在就克隆問(wèn)題作出決策時(shí)，應當慎重行事，作出理智判斷。
辨析：cautious, careful
① cautious adj. “小心的, 謹慎的”，語(yǔ)氣比careful強，指十分小心，防止出現危險或差錯，帶有提防的意味，強調“意識”。常用句型：be cautious of/about sb. /sth./doing sth. 提防某人；注意某事；仔細干某事。例如：
If I had been more cautious, I might have done better. 我要是再謹慎一點(diǎn)，可能做得更好。
We should be cautious of strangers. 我們應該提防陌生人
The bank is very cautious about lending money. 銀行在貸款方面十分慎重。
② careful側重做事謹慎、留心，特別注意一些細節地方，著(zhù)眼于“行動(dòng)”。例如：
I begged him to be more careful. 我求他更謹慎些。
Be careful not to lose her address. 小心別把她的地址給弄丟了。
4. Although it involves some cost on your part, you will definitely agree it’s worth it! （page 49）盡管要支付一筆費用，但你肯定會(huì )認為是值得的。
(1) involve vt. "使卷入、牽涉、包括”，常用句型：involve sb. in 使參與〔陷入, 牽扯到〕
involve sb. with 與(某人)有密切關(guān)系。例如：
Buying an expensive car involved him in debt. 買(mǎi)一輛昂貴的汽車(chē)使他負債累累。
The project involved great expense. 那項工程開(kāi)支巨大。
Don’t involve me in your quarrel. 不要把我卷進(jìn)你們的爭吵中。
Don’t involve yourself with those people. 不要和那些人混在一起。
(2) on one’s part 就某人而言
I will never do such a thing on my part. 我永不做這樣的事。
It was a mistake on your part to meet him. 和他見(jiàn)面是你的錯誤。
There was a series of errors on my part. 我犯了一連串的錯誤。
5. Treated with electricity, the cell tissue will split into several parts.（page 50）采用電療，這個(gè)細胞的組織會(huì )分裂成幾個(gè)部分。
split into, divide into, separate into
這一組短語(yǔ)都有“分成 /為……”的意義，在句型結構上也非常接近, 歸納如下：
① 主語(yǔ)是sth.動(dòng)詞與介詞into不拆分。例如：
The river splits into three smaller streams at this point. 這條河在此處分成三條小河
The class separated into several smaller groups to talk about the subject.
這個(gè)班的學(xué)生分成了幾個(gè)小組討論這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
His lecture divides into three parts. 他的演講分三部分。
② 主語(yǔ)是sb.動(dòng)詞與介詞into拆分。例如：
She split the class into groups of four. 她把這個(gè)班班分成4個(gè)組。
Divide the cake into quarters and share it equally. 把蛋糕分成四份, 大家平均享用。
I separated the documents into two piles. 我把文件分成兩摞。
③ 都可以用于被動(dòng)結構。例如：
The old farm has been split into house lots.
這古老的農場(chǎng)已被劃分為一塊塊的宅地。
After World War Two, Germany was divided into two separate countries.
二戰后，德國被分成為兩個(gè)國家。
The land was separated into small fields. 那塊地被分割為小塊的田地。
詞匯奧秘
派生詞：前綴和后綴
詞根加上前綴或后綴而構成的新詞叫派生詞。通常前綴改變詞義，后綴改變詞性。如unbelievable一詞，其構成為：un-believe-able，前綴un- 表否定，形容詞后綴 -able表示“能夠的”，由此可推斷unbelievable的意思為“not able to believe”(難以置信的)。因此，掌握一些有關(guān)前綴的和后綴的知識對學(xué)習英語(yǔ)詞匯有很大的幫助。
1. 常見(jiàn)的前綴：
un-, im-, in-, dis-, ir-, non- 不；無(wú)
unfair不公平的 uncover揭開(kāi)(蓋子) imperfect不完美的
incorrect不正確的 dishonesty不誠實(shí) irregular不規則的
nonstop不停的 nonsmoker不抽煙的人
anti- 反；抗
anti-war反戰的 anti-aging抗衰老的 anti-smoking反對吸煙的
auto- 自動(dòng)
autoalarm自動(dòng)報警器 automation自動(dòng)控制
mis- 錯
misunderstand誤解 misfortune不幸 misspell拼錯
inter- 在……之間
interact相互作用 interschool學(xué)校間 international國際的
over- 過(guò)度
overload超載；overwork 過(guò)度工作；overweight超重
pre- 前；預先
preface 前言 prewar戰前的 preschool學(xué)齡前的
post- 后
postgraduate研究生 postwar 戰后的 postposition后置詞
multi- 多
multi-purpose 多種用途的 multimedia多媒體 multimillionaire 千萬(wàn)富翁
re- 再
retell復述；reconsider重新考慮；review復習
semi- 半
semimonthly半月刊；semifinal半決賽的；semi-colonial半殖民地的
super- 超級
superfine特級的；superhuman超人的；supermarket超級市場(chǎng)
tele- 電
telephone電話(huà)；television電視；telephoto電傳照相
kilo- 千
kilometer千米, 公里；kilogram千克, 公斤；kilowatt千瓦
vice- 副
vice-chairman副主席；vice-minister副部長(cháng)；vice-president副總統
2. 一些常見(jiàn)的后綴：
（1）名詞后綴：
-er, -or, -ian, -eer, -ist 表示“人”
teacher 教師 reader 讀者 sailor 水手
actor 演員 historian 歷史學(xué)家 musician 音樂(lè )家
magician 魔術(shù)師 engineer 工程師 volunteer 志愿者
scientist 科學(xué)家 artist 藝術(shù)家 physicist 物理學(xué)家
-ese 通常加在國名或地名上，表示“人，語(yǔ)言”
Chinese 中國人，漢語(yǔ) Japanese 日本人， 日語(yǔ)
-ance 通常加在動(dòng)詞或形容詞后，構成抽象名詞
importance 重要性 assistance 幫助 guidance 指導
-tion 通常加在動(dòng)詞后，構成抽象名詞
education教育 pronunciation發(fā)音 production 生產(chǎn)
-ment 通常加在動(dòng)詞后，表示“行動(dòng)，結果”
movement 運動(dòng) achievement 成就 development 發(fā)展
-ness 通常加在形容詞后
weakness弱點(diǎn) happiness幸福 kindness好意
-ity 通常加在形容詞后
activity活動(dòng) equality平等 electricity電
-ship 加在名詞后
leadership領(lǐng)導 sportsmanship運動(dòng)員精神 friendship友誼
-ism 表示“主義”
socialism 社會(huì )主義 communism共產(chǎn)主義 colonialism 殖民主義
-hood 表示“時(shí)代，境遇，身份等”
childhood童年 neighborhood鄰近 motherhood母親身份
-ty 通常加在形容詞后
difficulty 困難 variety 多樣化 anxiety焦慮
-th 通常加在動(dòng)詞或形容詞后，構成抽象名詞
growth 成長(cháng) truth 事實(shí) strength力量
（2）形容詞后綴：
-al 通常加在名詞后，表示“與……有關(guān)的”
cultural 文化的 musical 音樂(lè )的 natural 自然的
-able, -ible 通常加在動(dòng)詞后，表示“能夠，適于”
eatable 可食用的 suitable 合適的 visible 可見(jiàn)的
-ful, -ous 通常加在名詞后，表示“充滿(mǎn)，傾向”
beautiful美麗的 powerful強大的 careful仔細的
poisonous有毒的 famous著(zhù)名的 various各種各樣的
-less 通常加在名詞后，表示“無(wú)”
fearless無(wú)畏的 endless無(wú)盡的 careless粗心的
-ern 加在名詞后，表示“方向”
eastern東方的 western西方的 southern南方的
-ive 通常加在動(dòng)詞后
active積極的 protective防護的 collective集合的
-some 表示“易于，引起”
troublesome麻煩的 tiresome引起疲勞或厭煩的 quarrelsome 好爭吵的
-y 通常加在名詞后，表示“充滿(mǎn)，傾向”
dirty 骯臟的 noisy 喧鬧的 rainy下雨的
sunny 晴朗的 easy容易的 thirsty口渴的
-like 加在名詞后，表示“……似的”
childlike 孩子似的 womanlike 女人似的 manlike 男人似的
-ly 通常加在名詞后
friendly 友好的 leisurely 悠閑的 daily 每日的
-en 加在名詞后，表示“由……制成的”
wooden木制的 woolen毛紡的 golden金的
（3）動(dòng)詞后綴：
-en 加在形容詞或名詞后，表示“使”
shorten 縮短 deepen加深 strengthen加強
-fy 加在形容詞或名詞后，表示“使”
beautify美化 classify 把……分等級 simplify 簡(jiǎn)化
-ize 加在形容詞或名詞后，表示“使”
realize實(shí)現 modernize使現代化 apologize道歉
（4）副詞后綴：
-ly 通常加在形容詞后
happily 愉快地 really 真正地 terribly可怕地
-ward(s) 表示“方向”
backward(s) 向后地 upward(s) 向上地 onward(s) 向前地
（5）數詞后綴：
-teen 表示“加十”
sixteen十六 seventeen 十七 nineteen 十九
-ty 表示“乘十”
sixty 六十 seventy 七十 ninety 九十
-th 構成序數詞
sixteenth 第十六 seventieth 第七十 ninetieth第九十
語(yǔ)法知識
過(guò)去分詞
過(guò)去分詞作非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用時(shí)，它具有形容詞和副詞的語(yǔ)法特征，在句子中做定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補足語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。過(guò)去分詞常表示被動(dòng)意義；在時(shí)間關(guān)系上，過(guò)去分詞通常表示動(dòng)作已完成；不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞，不表示被動(dòng)意義，只表示完成意義。
1. 用法
定語(yǔ) The injured boy was sent to hospital.
He carefully studied the stamps collected in London.
表語(yǔ) The glass is broken.
賓語(yǔ)補足語(yǔ) You must get your hair cut.
狀語(yǔ) The old man stood up, supported by his son.
He came into his office, followed by two guards.
Seen from the top of the hill, the city is more beautiful.
① 作定語(yǔ)。單個(gè)過(guò)去分詞或復合詞一般放在所修飾的名詞前；過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，則放在所修飾的詞后面，被修飾的詞和過(guò)去分詞應是被動(dòng)的邏輯主謂關(guān)系即主動(dòng)意義上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系或邏輯上的系表結構表狀態(tài)，都可以轉換成一個(gè)含有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)或系表結構的定語(yǔ)從句。例如：
man-made satellites（人造衛星），school-run factories（校辦工廠(chǎng)）
Students always grow with newly found knowledge. (page 47)
學(xué)生總是用新發(fā)現的知識伴隨著(zhù)自己成長(cháng)。
A surprised look appeared on his face when he heard that his friend had died．
當他聽(tīng)說(shuō)他的朋友死了，他臉上顯示出吃驚的表情。
A letter(that is) posted today will reach him the day after tomorrow．
今天發(fā)出的信后天他能收到。（post與a letter存在意義上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。）
I want a child (that is) genetically related to me. (page 42, lines 24-25)
我想一個(gè)在基因上有關(guān)系的孩子。
② 作表語(yǔ)。表示主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài); 除了系動(dòng)詞be外，還有其他的系動(dòng)詞也常見(jiàn)用過(guò)去分詞做表語(yǔ)。常用作表語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞有interested，excited，disappointed，delighted，discouraged， drunk，amused，astonished，tired，surprised， pleased，satisfied，worried，upset，married，frightened等。例如：
That’s disappointed. I think you’ll be pleased when it’s finished. (page 51)
真讓人失望。我想作業(yè)做完的時(shí)候，你會(huì )開(kāi)心的。
He sounded so thrilled. (page 49) 他聽(tīng)起來(lái)如此激動(dòng)。
Otherwise you will get bored. (page 49) 否則你會(huì )覺(jué)得無(wú)聊。
I’m totally burnt out. (page 51) 我完全筋疲力盡了。
③ 作賓補。和賓語(yǔ)一起構成復合賓語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)是其邏輯主語(yǔ)。 have, make, get, keep, hear, feel, see, find, watch, notice, imagine, consider, want, wish, desire, like等動(dòng)詞常接過(guò)去分詞作賓補。
He is always working in his lab, trying to figure out all the mysteries that make him puzzled.（page 49）他總是在實(shí)驗室工作，盡力去弄明白所有使他困惑的奧秘。
He spoke loudly in order to make himself heard.
I’m gong to have my house repaired next week.
He had to get the form signed by a doctor.
He heard his name called.
I found the city greatly changed.
④ 作狀語(yǔ)。常修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作，可表示時(shí)間、原因、方式、伴隨等，其邏輯主語(yǔ)是句子的主語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)和過(guò)去分詞同樣構成邏輯主謂的被動(dòng)關(guān)系，可以同相應的狀語(yǔ)從句進(jìn)行轉換。例如：
Treated with electricity, the cell tissue will split into several parts.（page 50）= When it is treated with electricity, the cell tissue will split into several parts.
采用電療，這個(gè)細胞的組織會(huì )分裂成幾個(gè)部分。(表時(shí)間)
Given more time, I’ll work out all the maths problems．=If I am given more time, I’ll work out all the maths problems．(表條件)
Driven by a greater demand of vegetables, farmers have built more green houses. =As they are driven by a greater demand of vegetables, farmers have built more green houses. (表條件)
⑤ with+名詞(或代詞)+過(guò)去分詞
在介詞with的復合結構中，過(guò)去分詞和前面的名詞或代詞構成邏輯主謂的被動(dòng)關(guān)系, with復合結構在句中做狀語(yǔ)。例如:
I sat in my room for a few minutes with my eyes fixed on the ceiling.
我在房間坐了一會(huì )兒，眼睛盯著(zhù)天花板。（表伴隨）
She had to walk home with her bike stolen. 自行車(chē)被偷，她只好步行回家。（表原因）
I had the TV on with the sound turned down. 我讓電視機開(kāi)著(zhù)，但音量調低了。（表方式）
2. 分詞的獨立結構
當過(guò)去分詞做狀語(yǔ)表時(shí)間、條件、讓步或方式時(shí)，可以在分詞前加上相應的連詞when /while / before /after /since /if /unless /though等；在狀語(yǔ)從句中，當主從句的主語(yǔ)一致且謂語(yǔ)中含有系動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞be時(shí)，從句的主語(yǔ)和be就可省略。例如：
Unless invited to speak, he remained silent.
When offered help, one often says “Thank you.” or “It’s kind of you.”
When completed, the museum will be open to the public next year.
When asked why he went there, he said he was sent there to be trained for a space flight.
3. 過(guò)去分詞與現在分詞完成被動(dòng)式的用法比較
現在分詞的完成被動(dòng)式作狀語(yǔ)，有時(shí)可與過(guò)去分詞換用。過(guò)去分詞側重于動(dòng)作的被動(dòng)，現在分詞完成被動(dòng)式側重于動(dòng)作的完成(即強調與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系)。如果不強調動(dòng)作的先后，只強調動(dòng)作的被動(dòng)，這時(shí)只用過(guò)去分詞，不用現在分詞完成被動(dòng)式。例如：
Having been discussed (Discussed) many times, the problems were settled at last.
Having been shown around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Bird’s Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games.
4. 作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)表示主動(dòng)意義的過(guò)去分詞
有些過(guò)去分詞因為來(lái)源于系表結構，其本身已經(jīng)是形容詞了，作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)不表被動(dòng)而表主動(dòng)意義。常見(jiàn)的這類(lèi)詞有：lost（迷路的、迷失的），seated（就座的），hidden（隱秘的、隱藏的），absorbed in（投入的、全神貫注的），born（出生的、產(chǎn)生的），dressed in（穿戴好的），tired of（厭倦的、厭煩的）等。例如：
Absorbed in deep thought, he didn’t hear the sound.
Born in this beautiful town, he hates to leave it.
Faced with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time.
Interested in the subject, he spent much time reading the books.
課堂作業(yè)
Ⅰ. 單項選擇。
1. Some of the wheat is from China. What about D ?
A. another B. the other C. others D. the rest
2. We can’t wait. We have to A the direction and the distance before we take action.
A. figure out B. make out C. think out D. turn out
3. I was on the highway when this car went past followed by a police car. They B at least 150 kilometers an hour.
A. should have been doing B. must have been doing
C. could have done D. would have done
4. I’m lucky enough to find the same knife D I lost yesterday.
A. which B. what C. like D. that
5. He is a B investor who studied the market before buying.
A. careless B. cautious C. hasty D. impatient
6. He has nothing to do with the murder case. He is not C in it.
A. concerned in B. concerned for C. involved in D. related in
7.-Jack bought a new mobile phone A .
-Did he? That’s his third one in just one month.
A. the other day B. by now C. some day D. for the firs time
8. He reached the top of his D in very little time.
A. judgement B. comment C. concept D. profession
9. He B as if nothing out of the ordinary was happening.
A. has behaved B. behaved C. is behaving D. behaves
10. All of them are experts in their chosen C .
A. effect B. position C. field D direction
Ⅱ. 用適當的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式填空。
1. She caught the student cheating (cheat) in exams.
2. When I got there, I found him repairing (repair) farm tools.
3. When I got there, I found the farm tools repaired. (repair)
4. Just then he heard someone calling (call) for help.
5. He worked so hard that he got his pay raised. (raise)
6. The missing boys were last seen playing (play) near the river.
7. Compared (compare) with the old one, the new building looks more beautiful.
8. The workers had the machines running (run) all night long to finish the work on time.
9. People in the south have their houses made (make) of bamboo(竹).
10. Lost (lose) in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
Ⅲ. 用括號內所給動(dòng)詞的適當形式填空。
1. He did not seem at all interested (interest) in the subject.
It will be very interesting (interest) to see what they come up with.
2. I am always pleased (please) to hear from former students.
He is a very well mannered and pleasing (please) young man.
3. It was surprising (surprise) that he finished writing a novel in only twenty days.
Are you surprised (surprise) to see Einstein on a Chinese stamp?
4. It is said that the team made a disappointing (disappoint) start.
We were disappointed (disappoint) that they could not learn the lesson of history.
5. When she had finished her meal, she gave a satisfied (satisfy) smile.
The work proved to be more satisfying (satisfy) than being a teacher.
Ⅳ. 單項選擇。
1. She wants her paintings D in the gallery, but we don t think they would be very popular. (2007 上海春)
A. display B. to display C. displaying D. displayed
2. The flowers his friend gave him will die unless A every day. (2007 四川)
A. watered B. watering C. water D. to water
3. A by a greater demand of vegetables, farmers have built more green houses. (2007 浙江)
A. Driven B. Being driven C. To drive D. Having driven
4.- Can those C at the back of the classroom hear me? （2008福建）
-No problem.
A. seat B. sit C. seated D. sat
5. To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English C as much as we can. （2008江蘇卷）
A. speak B. speaking C. spoken D. to speak
6. B and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize. (2006全國1)
A. Surprising B. Surprised C. Being surprised D. To be surprising
7. They have a very practical little table that folds up (折疊起來(lái)) quickly when B .
A. not to be needed B. not needed C. needed not D. to be n
8. With the money C , he couldn’t buy any ticket.
A. to lose B. losing C. lost D. has lost
9. -How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?
-The key B the problem is to meet the demand B by the customers.
A. to solving; making B. to solving; made C. to solve; making D. to solve; made
10. Deeply B , I thanked her again and again.
A. being moving B. moved C. moving D. to be moved
Task & project
精講典析
1. I am writing to complain about your plans to start cloning human beings in the UK.（page 56）我寫(xiě)信投訴你準備在英國開(kāi)始克隆人的計劃。
complain vt. & vi. “抱怨、訴苦、投訴”，其常用句型有：
① 不及物動(dòng)詞。例如：
You have no reason to complain. 你沒(méi)有理由抱怨。
② complain that從句 抱怨……。例如：
She often complains that he is dishonest. 她常埋怨說(shuō)他不誠實(shí)。
They complained that the wages were too low. 他們抱怨工資過(guò)低。
She complained (to me) that he had been rude to her. (她向我訴說(shuō))他曾對她有粗魯的行為。
③ complain of/about (doing) sth. 抱怨, 抗議做某事。例如：
Jean is always complaining about something. 瓊總是滿(mǎn)腹牢騷。
They complained about the food. 他們抱怨這糟糕的食物。
④ complain (to sb) about sth. (向某人)抱怨/投訴什么事。
All the guests complained to the waiter about the noise.
所有的客人都向服務(wù)員抱怨這些噪音。
I’m going to complain to your manager about this! 我要向你們經(jīng)理投訴這件事!
2. I understand that other countries have already begun trying to clone human beings, but this does not mean that we should follow in their footsteps.（page 56）我獲悉其他國家已經(jīng)開(kāi)始克隆人，但這并不意味著(zhù)我們就要步其后塵。
follow / walk in sb.’s footsteps “仿效某人、步某人后塵”。例如：
She works in theatre, following in her father’s footsteps. 他繼承父業(yè)，也從事戲劇工作。
His daughter followed in his steps (footsteps) and became a doctor.
他女兒走他的路，當了醫生。
Are you going to follow your father’s steps as a policeman?
你是不是繼承你父親的遺志當警察呢？
3. I’m sure that if you conducted a survey among UK citizens, it would show that the majority of people would not advocate this type of scientific research. (page 56)
如果你在英國公民中進(jìn)行一項調查，我肯定大多數人不同意這種科學(xué)研究。
(1) conduct vt. & vi. “組織、實(shí)施、進(jìn)行”= carry out。例如：
The survey must be conducted / carried out in secret. 這次調查必須悄悄地進(jìn)行。
They will carry out / conduct experiments. 他們將進(jìn)行實(shí)驗。
(2) 辨析：majority, most
這兩個(gè)詞都有 “多數，大多數”的意思，但區別較大。
① majority 是名詞，做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果of所有格的名詞是復數，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應是復數形式，如果是不可數名詞，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應是單數，如果僅majority做主語(yǔ)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復數均可。例如：
The majority of his books are kept upstairs. 他的大部分書(shū)收藏在樓上。
The majority of the workers voted to go back to work. 大多員工投票主張復工。
The majority of the damage is easy to repair. 這次的大部分損害容易補救。
The majority was / were in favor of banning smoking in offices and some other places in public. 大多數人都贊成在辦公室和其他一些公共場(chǎng)所禁煙。
② most是代詞，其前不可能加冠詞，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和majority一樣也應視情況而定。例如：
There are thousands of verbs in English and most (of them) are regular.
英語(yǔ)中有成千上萬(wàn)的動(dòng)詞，大多數是規則的。
Most of the people are aware of it. 多數人知道這個(gè)。
Most of her books were stolen. 她的大部分書(shū)都被偷走了。
Most of his time is used to read. 大多數時(shí)間他用來(lái)閱讀。
③ most可做形容詞用于修飾名詞。例如：
Most students passed the examination. 大多數學(xué)生通過(guò)了考試。
These types of buildings are seen in most European countries.
在大多數歐洲國家你能見(jiàn)到這樣式的建筑。
(3) advocate vt. “提倡、主張、倡導”，可接名詞或動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)。例如：
Our premier advocates higher salaries for teachers. 我們的總理主張提高教師的工資。
I don’t advocate doing such things. 我不主張干這樣的事情。
Many experts advocate rewarding your child for good behavior.
許多專(zhuān)家主張對孩子好的行為表現給予獎勵。
4. To conclude, I urge you to seek the opinions of the people of the UK on this matter so we can end this immoral practice immediately.（page 56）總之，我迫切要求你聽(tīng)聽(tīng)英國人民對這件事的看法，以便我們能夠立刻終止這種不道德的做法。
(1) to conclude =in conclusion=finally, 意為“最后、總之、總而言之、綜上所述”，用在發(fā)言或演講結束時(shí)的總結項標志，在句中做插入語(yǔ)。例如：
To conclude / In conclusion / Finally, I wish the Summit a complete success!
最后(一句話(huà))，祝大會(huì )取得圓滿(mǎn)成功！
T conclude / In conclusion / Finally，I wish you every success in your work.
最后(一句話(huà)), 我祝你們工作順利。
In conclusion, nanotechnology holds some very exciting promises for the future, but we must use this technology wisely. (page 110)
綜上所述，納米技術(shù)前景很好; 我們必須很好的利用這項技術(shù)。
In conclusion, it is clear that the market is maturing.
總之，市場(chǎng)正日趨成熟這一點(diǎn)十分清楚。
(2) urge vt. “力勸; 敦促”的意思，其主要句型結構有：
① urge sb. to do sth.。例如：
We all urged him to go ahead with his plan. 我們都鼓勵他實(shí)施他的計劃。
She urges me to take steps in the matter. 她催我處理此事。
② urge sb. into doing sth.。例如：
My friend urged me into applying for the job. 朋友們力勸我申請了那份工作。
He urged her into studying physics. 他極力勸她學(xué)習物理。
③ 接賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，從句中should可省略。例如：
He urged that they (should) go to New York. 他極力主張他們去紐約。
The report urged that all children (should) be taught to swim.
那份報告主張所以的孩子們都要學(xué)會(huì )游泳。
(3) 辨析：seek, search for, look for, hunt for
這一組詞或短語(yǔ)都有“搜尋、尋找”的意思，強調的都是動(dòng)作，在句型結構和用法上也相似有時(shí)可相互轉換。
① seek vt. & vi.
We sought long and hard but found no answer.
我們作了長(cháng)期的艱苦探索, 但沒(méi)有找到答案。
Police are still seeking / searching for the missing child.
警方仍在搜尋那名失蹤的兒童。
He is seeking / searching for the answer now. 他現在正在尋找答案。
We shouldn’t seek after comfort, personal fame, or gain. 我們不應該貪圖安逸, 追名逐利。
② search (for) 還帶有“搜”的含義，其賓語(yǔ)不僅有人或物，還有地點(diǎn)，其他詞或詞組顯然不帶此意義。例如：
She searched the house from top to bottom. 她將整個(gè)房子找了個(gè)遍。
I must search the Internet for one of his pictures. 我必須上網(wǎng)搜索他的一張照片。
After he felt better, he searched for work at the various mills.
他感到好些后, 就在各工廠(chǎng)找工作。
They searched all the drawers for the missing paper.
他們翻了所有的抽屜找尋那份遺失的文件。
③ look for是常用語(yǔ)，除了具體的人或物外，其賓語(yǔ)還有較抽象的內容。例如：
Why are the police looking for / search for/ seeking you? 為什么警察在四處找你?
He has come all the way from Leeds to look / search for a job.
他從利茲遠道而來(lái)尋找工作.
That foolish fellow is looking for trouble. 那個(gè)愚蠢的家伙在自找麻煩。
It’s too soon yet to look for results. 要想知道結果那還太早。
④ hunt for除了“尋找”意義外，還有“獵取……”之意，其他無(wú)法替代。例如：
The whole neighborhood have been hunting for / searching for /looking for/ seeking the missing child. 整條街的人都在尋找那個(gè)失蹤的孩子。
He has been hunting for / looking for/ search for a job. 他一直在找工作。
Police are hunting / searching for the killer. 警察在追捕兇手。
He’s on holiday in Africa, hunting for animals. 他正在非洲度假打獵呢。
The natives live by hunting for their food. 當地人以獵取野獸為食。
6. The very genes that make crops resistant to pests and disease could be harmful to animals.（page 57）正是那些使農作物抵抗害蟲(chóng)和疾病的基因，可能對動(dòng)物有害。
(1) very 在句中是形容詞，用以加強語(yǔ)氣，意思是“正是那個(gè)”、“正是所要的”、“恰好的”、“極其”。例如：
This is the very book I want! 這正是我所需要的書(shū)。
At that very moment the telephone bell rang. 恰好在那個(gè)時(shí)候，電話(huà)鈴響了。
These pills are the very thing for your cold. 這些藥丸治你的感冒正合適。
(2) resistant to是形容詞短語(yǔ)，意為“對……有抵抗力的”或“耐……的”, 在句中做后置定語(yǔ)。例如：
A healthy diet creates a body (that is) resistant to disease.
保健飲食有助于增強體內對疾病的抵抗力。
We need building materials which are resistant to heat. 我們需要耐熱的建筑材料。
(3) 辨析：be harmful to, harm, do harm to, be bad for
這一組詞或短語(yǔ)都有“對……有害”的意思，其微細的區別應加以注意。
① be harmful to = be bad for。強調的是狀態(tài)。例如：
The majority of doctors believe smoking is harmful to / bad for health.
大多數醫生相信，吸煙有害于身體健康。
Sugars can be harmful to / bad for the teeth. 糖可能會(huì )損害牙齒。
② harm是及物動(dòng)詞，主要指對人身或健康的傷害，強調的是動(dòng)作(過(guò)程)。例如：
I have never harmed anyone. 我從沒(méi)傷害過(guò)任何人。
Smoking harms our health. 吸煙有害健康。
There was a fire in our street, but no one was harmed. 我們街上發(fā)生了火災, 但無(wú)人受傷。
③ do harm to中的harm是不可數名詞，do harm to即可指對人身或健康的“傷害”，也可指對其他方面的“損害”，強調的是動(dòng)作。例如：
Pollution does great the harm to the environment. 污染對環(huán)境造成損害。
It’s unlikely to do much harm to the engine. 這不大可能會(huì )嚴重損壞發(fā)動(dòng)機。
The drought did a lot of harm to the crops. 干旱給莊稼帶來(lái)許多危害。
④ be bad for除還有“對……有害”的意思外，還有“不利于“的意思。例如：
People often think economic development is bad for the environment，but this does not have to be true. (page 23) 人們常常認為經(jīng)濟發(fā)展對環(huán)境保護不利，但這個(gè)提法不一定正確。
Breathing in other people’s cigarette smoke is bad for / harmful to you (= has a harmful effect on your health). 被動(dòng)吸煙對你健康有害。
Often they do not realize that the choices they make are bad for / harmful to the environment. (page 58, lines 23-24) 他們往往沒(méi)意識到自己所做的選擇對環(huán)境是有害的。
7. So far, research has been limited to increasing production profits, rather than ensuring safety.（page 57）到目前為止，研究一直局限于提高生產(chǎn)利潤，而不是確保安全性。
limit的句型結構
① limit vt. “限制、限定”，用名詞或代詞做賓語(yǔ)。例如：
We must limit our expenses. 我們必須限制我們的開(kāi)支。
Having so little money to spend on an apartment does limit you in your choice.
只有這么一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)錢(qián)用來(lái)租房的確限制了你的選擇。
② limit…to sth./doing sth.，意為“對……的限制”。例如：
They limit their food to bread and butter. 他們的食物僅限于面包和黃油。
The teacher limited his students to 500 words for their compositions.
老師要求學(xué)生寫(xiě)500字以?xún)鹊淖魑摹?/p>
She limited her job to looking after the child. 她把她的工作限制在照看孩子上。
The teaching of history should not be limited to dates and figures.
歷史教學(xué)不能只限于日期和數字。
8. We further damage Earth by constructing new water channels for shipping, building new factories and creating pollution with industrial waste.（page 58, lines 4-6）我們還修建新的水上通道，建造新工廠(chǎng)，用工業(yè)廢料制造污染，這些都是對地球更大的破壞。
(1) 辨析：farther, further
farther和further都是far的比較級，但在詞義和用法上有區別。
① farther可以做形容詞或副詞用，一般只用于表示距離的“較遠的/地、更遠的/地”= further。例如：
The farther hill is five kilometers away. 那座更遠的小山在五公里以外。(adj.)
I can throw the ball farther than you can. 這個(gè)球我能比你扔得遠。(adv.)
② further可以做形容詞或副詞用表距離時(shí) = father，但further用作副詞可以用來(lái)強調程度，father則不能替代，其意為“更進(jìn)一步、更深層、而且”等意思。例如：
The church is much further / father than you think. 教堂比你想像的遠得多。(adj.)
For some time I had wanted to move further / farther from London. (adv.)
有一段時(shí)間我曾想要搬到離倫敦更遠的地方。
She refused to further talk of her own worry that evening.
那天晚上她拒絕進(jìn)一步說(shuō)她的擔憂(yōu)。
The house isn’t big enough for us, and further, it’s too far from the town.
那住宅對我們來(lái)說(shuō)不夠大, 而且離城又太遠。
The police decided to investigate further. 警方?jīng)Q定更深入調查。
(2) construct vt. “建造、建設、構成”, 其句型結構有：
① construct sth.。例如：
They are constructing / building another bridge over the Xiangjiang River.
他們正在湘江上修建另一座橋梁。
He has constructed a new theory. 他建立了一種新理論。
② be constructed of sth. / be constructed out of sth. “用某材料建造”, 指狀態(tài)。例如：
The bridge was constructed of / made of stones. 這座橋梁是用石頭建造的。
The house is constructed out of bricks. 這棟房子是用磚頭建造的。
9. Would anyone say that economic development should be stopped in favour of nature? （page 58, lines 9-10）會(huì )有人說(shuō)為了照顧自然就該停止經(jīng)濟發(fā)展嗎？
in favour of 是介詞短語(yǔ)，意思是“贊成……或“支持……”，在句中常做表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)。例如：
Personally speaking, I ’m in favour of the scheme. 就本人而言，我贊同這個(gè)計劃。
Those in favour of this plan will have a meeting. 那些贊成這個(gè)計劃的人會(huì )開(kāi)一個(gè)會(huì )。
“in +名詞+ of”結構的常用短語(yǔ)還有：
in search of 尋找 in hope of 希望著(zhù)
in want /need of 需要 in charge of 負責，掌管
in memory of 為了紀念…… in honor of 出于……的敬意；為紀念……
in control of控制,管理,掌握
10. Most of the time it turns out that humans are not really profiting when they damage the environment.（page 58, lines 29-30）多數情況下的結果就是，人類(lèi)在破壞環(huán)境之際并沒(méi)有真正受益。
turn out常用于兩種句型結構。
① It turns out that … “結果是……” ; 如果that從句中是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，可以表示“沒(méi)想到是……”，“原來(lái)卻是……”。例如：
It turns out that the method doesn’t work well. 結果是這個(gè)方法不管用。
It turned out that his best friend was a thief. 他最要好的朋友竟然是個(gè)小偷。
It turned out that the driver was just the boss. 沒(méi)想到那司機居然就是老板。
It turned out that he was never there. 原來(lái)他根本沒(méi)去過(guò)那兒。
② sth. turn out (to be) + 接名詞或形容詞：結果是……；原來(lái)是……；證明是……；最后情況是……
It was cloudy this morning, but it turned out fine. 早上多云，最后卻是晴天。
The job turned out to be beyond his rather limited abilities.
這項工作證明超出了他那非常有限的能力。
He said he was a doctor; but later he turned out to be a cheat.
他自稱(chēng)是個(gè)醫生, 原來(lái)他是個(gè)騙子。
(2) profit 的用法
① 做名詞用，表示“好處、益處、利益”。例如：
Small profits and quick returns. 薄利多銷(xiāo)
The company started to show a profit in its first year. 公司在第一年就開(kāi)始贏(yíng)利。
He’s only interested in making a quick profit. 他只對盡快獲利感興趣。
②做動(dòng)詞用，表示“贏(yíng)利、獲利”。例如：
We will all profit by the experience.我們都將從這次經(jīng)驗中獲利。
Not all children would profit from this kind of schooling.
并非所有孩子都可從這種就學(xué)中得益。
It would profit us to change our plans. 改變計劃對我們有好處。
11. It is mankind’s responsibilities to find solutions that are acceptable for everyone, and everything. (page 58, lines 32-33) 找出對任何人、任何事物都可以接受的方案，是人類(lèi)的責任。
① 這是一強調句，強調部分是句子的主語(yǔ)mankind’s responsibilities to find solutions
② be acceptable for / to sb. 可理解為“為……所接受、對……適合”。介詞for多用來(lái)指物，而to較為多見(jiàn)用來(lái)指人。例如：
Yogurt is a perfectly acceptable substitute for cream in cooking.
酸奶是烹飪用的特別受歡迎的奶油替代品。
The plan is acceptable to both sides. 這個(gè)方案雙方都可以接受。
He tried to find a solution that was acceptable to everyone.
他試圖找到一個(gè)大家都可以接受的解決辦法。
12. As you get more excited, you may off the point.（page 59）
你一變得激動(dòng)，就有可能會(huì )跑題。
go off有許多不同的意義。例如：
① 跑題、離題
The speaker has gone off the subject. 講話(huà)人離題了。
② 離開(kāi)；消失
I’d better have waited till the rain went off. 我當時(shí)要是等雨停再走就好了。
The headache went off quite suddenly. 頭疼突然消失了。
She went off with the gardener's son. 她跟園藝工人的兒子私奔了。
③ 開(kāi)始變壞；變質(zhì)；變差
Fish soon goes off in this hot weather. 在這么熱的天氣里，魚(yú)很快會(huì )變質(zhì)。
The lecturer used to do well, but he seems to have gone off now.
這個(gè)演講者以前講得很好, 但如今似乎變差了。
④ 睡著(zhù)
He has gone off by the fire. 他靠著(zhù)火爐睡著(zhù)了。
課題實(shí)踐
How to write a formal letter
1. 正式信函的寫(xiě)作原則
由于電子郵件的普及，書(shū)信寫(xiě)得越來(lái)越少，但一旦我們要寫(xiě)，那一定是很重要的信件，比如說(shuō)求職信、投訴信等。因此，我們要讓書(shū)信給讀者留下深刻印象，起到預期的作用。寫(xiě)書(shū)信時(shí)我們要遵循下列原則：
in the correct format 格式正確
short and to the point 簡(jiǎn)短，切中要害
relevant 具有相關(guān)性
free of any grammatical or spelling mistakes 沒(méi)有語(yǔ)法和拼寫(xiě)錯誤
polite, even if you’re complaining 有禮貌，哪怕是投訴信
well presented陳述恰當
2. 正式信函的寫(xiě)作格式要求
正式信函要求格式規范，要包含信件構成的各個(gè)要素：
寫(xiě)信人地址：在信的右上角
收信人地址：在信的左上角，接著(zhù)寫(xiě)信人地址下面寫(xiě)。
日期：可在左邊，也可在右邊，月份不用縮寫(xiě)
稱(chēng)呼：用“Dear+姓”，不知道姓名時(shí)用Dear Sir或Dear Madam。不知道是Mrs 還是Miss時(shí)，可以使用Ms。
結尾：使用Yours Faithfully，Yours Sincerely結尾。
簽名：在左下方，與正方開(kāi)頭對齊。商務(wù)信件中，須在簽名后列出自己所屬的公司，自己的職位及公司地址，電話(huà)簿。
3. 信的內容
第一段簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明寫(xiě)信的目的，是問(wèn)詢(xún)、投訴還是請求等。
第二部分可以是一段，也可以是幾小段，是書(shū)信的主體內容。英文信不宜過(guò)長(cháng)，因此要
簡(jiǎn)明扼要說(shuō)明事情。要清晰、緊湊，邏輯性強。
最后一段正式書(shū)信中往往寫(xiě)明你希望收信者采取什么行動(dòng)。常用結束語(yǔ)有：
Awaiting your good news.
Looking forward to your early reply.
Hoping to hear from you soon.
We await your good news.
I hope to hear from you very soon.
We look forward to your reply at your earliest convenience. 靜候佳音
I look forward to our next meeting in Los Angeles. 期待我們下次在咯杉磯的會(huì )面。
Your early reply will go highly appreciated. 急盼佳音。
We shall be pleased to send you what you wanted, 如果你需要些什么，我們會(huì )非常樂(lè )意給
你寄過(guò)去 。
The help you give me is sincerely valued. 你給我的幫助非常寶貴。
I hope everything will go well with you. 我祝你萬(wàn)事如意。
Please let us know if you want more information. 如果需要更多的信息，請盡管通知我。
I hope you always enjoy yourself. 我希望你永遠開(kāi)心。
I wish you every success in the coming year. 我祝你來(lái)年一切如愿。
Please remember me to your family. 請代我向你的家人問(wèn)好。
All the best. 祝你萬(wàn)事如意。
With love and good wishes. 給你最好的祝愿。
現在，假如你叫Louise Longford，是個(gè)健美教練，想要去一家叫做Fitness First的公司應聘，請給Mr G. Sands寫(xiě)一封求職信。
首先確定信的格式；然后在第一段說(shuō)明寫(xiě)信的目的是應聘健美教練；中間段落列出自己的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，說(shuō)明自己能勝任這份工作；最后一段寫(xiě)出自己的希望。
Louise Longford的求職信：
12, Kenmore Road
Littletown
LT12 9BH
1st December 2009
Mr G. Sands
Fitness First
Lake Road
Littletown
LT1 5MX
Dear Mr Sands
Re: Fitness Instructor FF/32
I am writing to apply for the job of Fitness Instructor, as advertised in Thursday's Courant. This is an ideal job for me given my enthusiasm for sport, my related experience and qualifications.
Sport and fitness training have always been important to me, which is why I chose to take a BTEC Diploma in Sports Science. I obtained distinctions in the Sports Anatomy & Physiology and Sports Injuries modules last year and am confident that I will get similar marks in Exercise Physiology, Mechanics of Sport and Sports Supervision & Management this year. I am a confident user of Microsoft Office xp and have worked extensively with Fitness Publisher, a program for analysing fitness.
As you can see from my CV, I've taken the opportunity to gain extra qualifications that were on offer at college, which has helped me get part-time work as a pool attendant. I'm called on to provide cover during busy times so am used to working irregular hours at short notice. I've also run a lunchtime aerobics class at college since the start of this year.
I finish college in six weeks and am keen to find a job rather than carry on with further full-time study. I could start any part time work or training sooner as many of my classes are finishing and most of my assignments are done. I look forward to hearing from you.
Yours sincerely，
Louise Longford
書(shū)信寫(xiě)完后，要根據上述原則進(jìn)行檢查，以保證書(shū)信質(zhì)量。相信看過(guò)你寫(xiě)的求職信，Mr Sands會(huì )很樂(lè )意招聘你。
課堂作業(yè)
Ⅰ. 用每組所給單詞的適當形式完成隨后的句子。
1. over, for, up to, against, up, up, after, into
1) -Are you for or against this proposal?
-I think the proposal is good. I’m for it.
2) Class was over. The students went home.
3) What are you after in life?
4) I hate hiking and I’m not into classical music.
5) He is not up to his job.
6) It is up to parents to teach their children manners.
7) Time is up.
2. end up, end up with, in the end, on end, put an end to
1) The meeting ended up with the singing of the International.
2) I’m sure you’ll succeed in the end .
3) How can we put an end to the arguing?
4) It made my hair stand on end .
5) He started with the aim of doing harm to others only to end up by ruining himself.
3. way, by the way, by way of, in a way, in no way, in the way, in this way, on the (或one’s)way, under way, all the way, the other way around, give way to
1) The barren land has given way to green vegetation.
2) Do your work in the way I have shown you.
3) Teaching in school can in no way be separated from practice.
4) By the way, which train goes to Shanghai by way of Changsha?
5) On the/my way to the station ,I bought some food.
6) A hurricane is on the/my way. The preparations against it are well under way.
7) In a way , he has been very successful.
8) I saved old envelops. In this way , I have collected a great many stamps.
9) We flew all the way direct from Seattle to London.
10)The eart